Recent results of the searches for Supersymmetry in final states with one or two leptons at CMS are presented. Many Supersymmetry scenarios, including the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (CMSSM), predict a substantial amount of events containing leptons, while the largest fraction of Standard Model background events -which are QCD interactions -gets strongly reduced by requiring isolated leptons. The analyzed data was taken in 2011 and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately L = 1 fb −1 . The center-of-mass energy of the pp collisions was √ s = 7 TeV.

CMS is a general purpose experiment, designed to study the physics of pp collisions at 14 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It currently involves more than 2000 physicists from more than 150 institutes and 37 countries. The LHC will provide extraordinary opportunities for particle physics based on its unprecedented collision energy and luminosity when it begins operation in 2007.The principal aim of this report is to present the strategy of CMS to explore the rich physics programme offered by the LHC. This volume demonstrates the physics capability of the CMS experiment. The prime goals of CMS are to explore physics at the TeV scale and to study the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking-through the discovery of the Higgs particle or otherwise. To carry out this task, CMS must be prepared to search for new particles, such as the Higgs boson or supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model particles, from the start-up of the LHC since new physics at the TeV scale may manifest itself with modest data samples of the order of a few fb −1 or less. The analysis tools that have been developed are applied to study in great detail and with all the methodology of performing an analysis on CMS data specific benchmark processes upon which to gauge the performance of CMS. These processes cover several Higgs boson decay channels, the production and decay of new particles such as Z and supersymmetric particles, B s production and processes in heavy ion collisions. The simulation of these benchmark processes includes subtle effects such as possible detector miscalibration and misalignment. Besides these benchmark processes, the physics reach of CMS is studied for a large number of signatures arising in the Standard Model and also in theories beyond the Standard Model for integrated luminosities ranging from 1 fb −1 to 30 fb −1 . The Standard Model processes include QCD, B-physics, diffraction, detailed studies of the top quark properties, and electroweak physics topics such as the W and Z 0 boson properties. The production and decay of the Higgs particle is studied for many observable decays, and the precision with which the Higgs boson properties can be derived is determined. About ten different supersymmetry benchmark points are analysed using full simulation. The CMS discovery reach is evaluated in the SUSY parameter space covering a large variety of decay signatures.

According to a recent no-go theorem (M. Pusey, J. Barrett and T. Rudolph, Nature Physics 8 475 (2012)), models in which quantum states correspond to probability distributions over the values of some underlying physical variables must have the following feature: the distributions corresponding to distinct quantum states do not overlap. This is significant because if the distributions do not overlap, then the quantum state itself is encoded by the physical variables. In such a model, it cannot coherently be maintained that the quantum state merely encodes information about underlying physical variables. The theorem, however, considers only models in which the physical variables corresponding to independently prepared systems are independent. This work considers models that are defined for a single quantum system of dimension d, such that the independence condition does not arise. We prove a result in a similar spirit to the original no-go theorem, in the form of an upper bound on the extent to which the probability distributions can overlap, consistently with reproducing quantum predictions. In particular, models in which the quantum overlap between pure states is equal to the classical overlap between the corresponding probability distributions cannot reproduce the quantum predictions in any dimension d ≥ 3. The result is noise tolerant, and an experiment is motivated to distinguish the class of models ruled out from quantum theory.No-go theorems such as Bell's [1] are of central importance to our understanding of quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem shows that locally causal models must make different predictions from quantum theory. In addition to the fundamental significance of this result, Bell's theorem has applications in quantum information processing, most notably in deviceindependent cryptography and randomness generation [2][3][4][5].Recently, a number of new no-go results have been derived, addressing a different question than whether nature can be described by a locally causal theory. The question concerns whether the quantum state should be viewed as a description of the physical state of a system, or as an observer's information about the system. Many authors (see, e.g., Refs. [6][7][8], and references therein) have argued for the latter, pointing out, for example, that quantum collapse is analogous to Bayesian updating of a classical probability distribution when new data is obtained, or that the indistinguishability of nonorthogonal quantum states is analogous to the indistinguishability of overlapping probability distributions. Ref. [9], following Ref. [10], considers models of a specific form, in which the quantum state corresponds to a probability distribution over some set of underlying physical states, hence can be thought of as representing an observer's partial information about the physical state. It is shown that such models cannot recover the quantum predictions unless the distributions are disjoint for distinct quantum states. Roughly speaking, if the assumptions of Ref. [9] are accepted,...

We examine the relationship between quantum contextuality (in both the standard Kochen-Specker sense and in the generalized sense proposed by Spekkens) and models of quantum theory in which the quantum state is maximally epistemic. We find that preparation noncontextual models must be maximally epistemic, and these in turn must be Kochen-Specker noncontextual. This implies that the Kochen-Specker theorem is sufficient to establish both the impossibility of maximally epistemic models and the impossibility of preparation noncontextual models. The implication from preparation noncontextual to maximally epistemic then also yields a proof of Bell's theorem from an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-like argument.

In a recent paper [Stud. Hist. Philos. Mod. Phys. 36, 355 (2005)] it is argued that to properly understand the thermodynamics of Landauer's principle it is necessary to extend the concept of logical operations to include indeterministic operations. Here we examine the thermodynamics of such operations in more detail, extending the work of Landauer to include indeterministic operations and to include logical states with variable entropies, temperatures, and mean energies. We derive the most general statement of Landauer's principle and prove its universality, extending considerably the validity of previous proofs. This confirms conjectures made that all logical operations may, in principle, be performed in a thermodynamically reversible fashion, although logically irreversible operations would require special, practically rather difficult, conditions to do so. We demonstrate a physical process that can perform any computation without work requirements or heat exchange with the environment. Many widespread statements of Landauer's principle are shown to be special cases of our generalized principle.

One of the most striking features of quantum mechanics is the profound effect exerted by measurements alone. Sophisticated quantum control is now available in several experimental systems, exposing discrepancies between quantum and classical mechanics whenever measurement induces disturbance of the interrogated system. In practice, such discrepancies may frequently be explained as the back-action required by quantum mechanics adding quantum noise to a classical signal. Here, we implement the "three-box" quantum game [Aharonov Y, et al. (1991) J Phys A Math Gen 24(10):2315-2328] by using state-of-the-art control and measurement of the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. In this protocol, the back-action of quantum measurements adds no detectable disturbance to the classical description of the game. Quantum and classical mechanics then make contradictory predictions for the same experimental procedure; however, classical observers are unable to invoke measurement-induced disturbance to explain the discrepancy. We quantify the residual disturbance of our measurements and obtain data that rule out any classical model by T7.8 standard deviations, allowing us to exclude the property of macroscopic state definiteness from our system. Our experiment is then equivalent to the test of quantum noncontextuality [Kochen S, Specker E (1967) J Math Mech 17(1):59-87] that successfully addresses the measurement detectability loophole.Leggett-Garg | quantum contextuality | quantum non-demolition measurement C lassical physics describes the nature of systems that are "large" enough to be considered as occupying one definite state in an available state space at any given time. Macrorealism (MR) applies whenever it is possible to perform nondisturbing measurements that identify this state without significantly modifying the system's subsequent behavior (1). MR allows the assignment of a definite history (or probabilities over histories) to classical systems of interest, but the MR condition can break down for systems "small" enough to be quantum mechanical during times "short" enough to be quantum coherent: times and distances that now exceed seconds (2) and millimeters (3) in the solid state. How can we tell whether a particular case is better described by quantum mechanics (QM) or MR? If there is a crossover between these, what does it represent?One explanation for the breakdown of MR is that measurement back-action (either deliberate measurements by an experimenter or effective measurements from the environment) unavoidably change the state in the quantum limit, excluding MR due to a breakdown of nondisturbing measurability. This position is supported by "weak value" experiments (4, 5) that explore the transition from quantum to classical behavior as a measurement coupling is varied. Quantum behavior is found under weak coupling, whereas MR-compatible behavior is recovered when strong projective measurements effectively "impose" a classical value onto the measured quantum system (4).We examine a case in which the back-actions of ...

A novel no-go theorem is presented which sets a bound upon the extent to which 'Ψ-epistemic ' interpretations of quantum theory are able to explain the overlap between non-orthogonal quantum states in terms of an experimenter's ignorance of an underlying state of reality. The theorem applies to any Hilbert space of dimension greater than two. In the limit of large Hilbert spaces, no more than half of the overlap between quantum states can be accounted for. Unlike other recent no-go theorems no additional assumptions, such as forms of locality, invasiveness, or non-contextuality, are required.

Landauer erasure seems to provide a powerful link between thermodynamics and information processing (logical computation). The only logical operations that require a generation of heat are logically irreversible ones, with the minimum heat generation being kT ln 2 per bit of information lost. Nevertheless, it will be shown logical reversibility neither implies, nor is implied by thermodynamic reversibility. By examining thermodynamically reversible operations which are logically irreversible, it is possible to show that information and entropy, while having the same form, are conceptually different.