The volatiles of fresh carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) were separated from the fruit pulp by high-vacuum distillation and subsequent solvent extraction (pentane-dichloromethane, 2: 1). In three fractions obtained by preseparation of the concentrated extract with adsorption chromatography on silica gel (pentanediethyl ether gradient) the volatiles were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) as well as combined capillary gas chromatography-lTIR spectroscopy (HRGC-FTIR). Direct pentane-dichloromethane extraction with subsequent liquid-liquid distribution and diazomethane derivatization was used for separation of the volatile acids. In total, 126 aroma compounds were identified, of which 76 are reported for the first time as constituents of carambola fruit pulp. The major part of volatiles comprised esters and carbonyl compounds. Quantitative HRGC revealed (E)-hex-2-enal (2.4 mg/kg) and methyl benzoate (1.9 mg/kg) as major aroma compounds.
As a long-distance
migrant which crosses more than 20 African
countries, Eleonora's Falcons might have
experienced a substantial accumulation of
contaminants when returning to their breeding
grounds. In 2004 and 2005, we collected 21
failed eggs from two colonies on Sardinia,
Italy. We found a high percentage of dead
embryos and suspected this was due to a high
contaminant load. Despite this, the overall
values for the contaminants analysed were rather
low and lay within the range found in other
raptor species. We analysed the eggs for
residues of DDT (p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), PCB (polychlorinated
biphenyl), and heavy metals. Although infertile eggs seem to be
correlated with the highest values of ∑DDT, we did not find substantial values of any of the contaminants investigated. Because of the low world population of the species and varying reproduction rates in the colonies ranging from Cyprus to the Canaries, we highly recommend further censuses of the reproductive success of Eleonora's Falcon, including the examination of failed eggs.
Concentrates of fresh, ripe Spanish loquat fruit were analyzed by HRGC, HRGC-MS and HRGC-FTIR. In total, 80 aroma substances were identified, of which 72 are reported for the first time as loquat fruit constituents. The major part of volatiles comprised alcohols and carbonyls. Quantitative HRGC revealed hexanal (2.4 mg/kg fruit pulp), (E)-2-hexenal (1.8 mg/kg) and benzaldehyde (0.7 mg/kg) as major aroma compounds.
The volatiles from fresh litchi (Litchi chinemis Sonn.) fruit pulp were separated by standard controlled high-vacuum distillation with subsequent solvent extraction (pentane-dichloromethane, 2: 1) and silica gel liquid chromatography pre-separation using a pentane-diethyl ether gradient. Polar fruit constituents were separated by chloroform extraction and subsequent liquid-liquid distribution. The concentrates were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and coupled HRGC techniques, i.e. on-line capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron impact and chemical ionization mode (HRGC-EI/CI-MS) as well as capillary gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HRGC-FTIR). These techniques revealed the occurrence of 34 aroma components, not previously reported as litchi fruit constituents.
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