Migraine is a chronic disease characterized by unilateral, pulsating, and often moderate-to-severe recurrent episodes of headache with nausea and vomiting. It affects approximately 15% of the general population, yet the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a safe and reproducible diagnostic technique that utilizes infrared wavelengths and has a sensitivity of 8–10 μm. It can be used to measure thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in some neurological disorders. Although ophthalmologists are often the first specialists to examine patients with migraine, few studies have addressed the involvement of the optic nerve and retino-choroidal structures in this group. We reviewed the literature on the etiological and pathological mechanisms of migraine and the relationship between recurrent constriction of cerebral and retrobulbar vessels and ischemic damage to the optic nerve, retina, and choroid. We also assessed the role of OCT for measuring peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular and choroidal changes in migraine patients. There is considerable evidence of cerebral and retrobulbar vascular involvement in the etiology of migraine. Transitory and recurrent constriction of the retinal and ciliary arteries may cause ischemic damage to the optic nerve, retina, and choroid in patients with migraine. OCT to assess the thickness of the peripapillary RNFL, macula, and choroid might increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine and facilitate diagnosis of retino-choroidal compromise and follow-up of therapy in migraine patients. Future studies should determine the usefulness of OCT findings as a biomarker of migraine.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) comprises a group of central nervous system disorders of inflammatory autoimmune origin that mainly affect the optic nerves and the spinal cord and can cause severe visual and general disability. The clinical signs are similar to those of multiple sclerosis (MS), with the result that it is often difficult to differentiate between the two, thus leading to misdiagnosis. As the treatment and prognosis of NMOSD and MS are different, it is important to make an accurate and early diagnosis of NMOSD. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique that enables a quantitative study of the changes that the optic nerve and the macula undergo in several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have shown that some of these changes, such as retinal nerve fiber layer thinning or microcystic macular edema, can be related to alterations in the brain due to neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of this mini-review is to show how OCT can be useful for the diagnosis of NMOSD and follow-up of affected patients, as well as for the differential diagnosis with MS.

322 AE 95 lm at baseline. A reduction of 52 lm became apparent within the first year and remained at 250 AE 102 lm on average in year 5 ( Fig. 1E).We report on a representative number of eyes complicated by nAMD and treated with a personalized PRN regimen for at least 5 years without discontinuation. Moderate visual decline was achieved through an individualized monitoring and retreatment scheme based on empiric variable intervals for each patient. Advantages of this strategy imply a direct response to activity independent of an early or late stage disease while reducing expenses of anti-VEGF treatment and maximizing safety. Our adopted methodthough reactive in treatment modalityis somewhat between monthly PRN and proactive treat and extend. Only a few comparative reviews have been published until today with short-term efficacy outcomes (Chin-Yee et al. 2016; Danyliv et al. 2017).In conclusion, our real-world data confirm the potential benefit of a personalized PRN regimen. It combines a fairly low injection rate with an acceptable clinical effort. Ethical ApprovalAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study formal consent is not required. ReferencesBrown DM, Michels M, Kaiser PK, Heier JS, Sy JP, Ianchulev T; ANCHOR Study Group (2009): Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology 116: 57-65.e5. Chin-Yee D, Eck T, Fowler S, Hardi A & Apte RS (2016): A systematic review of as needed versus treat and extend ranibizumab or bevacizumab treatment regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 100: 914-917. Danyliv A, Glanville J, McCool R, Ferreira A, Skelly A & Jacob RP (2017): The clinical effectiveness of ranibizumab treat and extend regimen in nAMD: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Adv Ther 34:

No abstract