The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business activities in Ukraine and the world and its financial security. The analysis showed that the economy of Ukraine and most countries of the world suffered significant losses from the introduction of anti-epidemic restrictions on business activity, which turned out to be in the fall of GDP, index of industrial production investment activity. Because of temporary or complete shutdown of business the unemployment rate increased significantly. The pandemic crisis also negatively impacted the financial results of enterprises, which decreased significantly in all kinds of economic activities, especially in industry, transport, temporary accommodation and catering, where the share of unprofitable enterprises reaches 73%. Thus, the problem of ensuring the financial security of business becomes relevant. The aim of the work is to develop methodological approaches to assessing the impact of the pandemic crisis on the financial security of business and to identify effective ways of ensuring such security. In the process of research methods of scientific abstraction, comparative and system analysis and synthesis, systematization and logical generalization were used. It was determined that the pandemic affected small and medium businesses most of all, where a strong negative impact was experienced by more than 60% of entrepreneurs. Large businesses were less affected, but they also suffered significant losses due to the decline in business activity and demand in the domestic and foreign markets. Agriculture was least affected by the pandemic, which suffered the least losses, primarily due to the insignificant impact of restrictions affecting the activities of this business. The paper systematized the risks arising from the factors of the pandemic crisis, identifying their manifestations and financial implications for business. As shown by the research, such consequences are manifested in the form of full or partial loss of profits, problems with debt repayment, reduction of financial stability, liquidity, increase in accounts receivable, increased costs for anti-epidemic measures, etc. Thus, the procedure for assessing the business’s financial security is to take into account all factors that shape the financial situation of business entities during a pandemic crisis in a comprehensive manner.
The paper presents comparative analysis of two models of pension system: accumulative and distributive (pay-as-you-go) ones based on Russian and world experience. It is shown that "the effect of dual burden" is formed within the transition period which lasts about 50 years and will reach its maximum in 22 years after the start of the reform. Under Russian conditions returns on pension capital fail to compensate for inflation and they are significantly lower than indexation of distributive pensions and wages growth rates. The model simulations have provided the following results: given the length of accumulation for 40 years; the longevity period - 19 years; employees-retirees ratio is going down, the accumulative pension system is likely to be more effective than the distributive one if returns on pension capital are not less than GDP growth rates and operational costs of the accumulative system are equal to zero. Otherwise the distributive pension system is more preferable.
Comparative study of amaranth species (Amaranthus spp.) in the temperate continental climate of Russian FederationAbstract: Field experiments were carried out in the Chuvash Republic, which is located in the center of the European part of Russia on the banks of the Volga River and has a moderately continental climate with warm summers, cold winters, well-defined transitional seasons and average annual rainfall of 500 mm. There are many cultural and wild species of amaranth in nature, differing in morphological and biological features. The objects of research were four common species of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.): A. cruentus L., A. caudatus L., A. hybridus L., A. spinosus L.. Particular attention in the experiment was paid to the morphological and biological characteristics of plants according to the growth stages during growing season and the formation of the yield of green mass and grain during 3 years of research. As a result of the experiment, the possibility of cultivating a heat-loving amaranth culture in the climatic conditions of the Chuvash Republic was proved and adaptive species for growing green mass (A.cruentus and A.caudatus) and for grain (A.cruentus) were identified. Primerjalna raziskava vrst ščira (Amaranthus spp.) v zmernem kontinentalnem podnebju Ruske FederacijeIzvleček: Poljski poskus je bil izveden v Čuvaški republiki, v osrednem delu evropskega dela Rusije, na bregovih Volge, ki ima zmerno kontinentalno podnebje s toplimi poletji, mrzlimi zimami, z dobro izraženimi prehodnimi obdobji in s povprečno letno količino padavin 500 mm. Na območju uspeva več gojenih in podivjanih vrst ščira z različnimi morfološkimi in biološkimi lastnostmi. Predmet raziskave so bile štiri pogoste vrste ščira: A. cruentus L., A. caudatus L., A. hybridus L., A. spinosus L.. Posebna pozornost je bila posvečena morfološkim in biološkim lastnostim rastlin glede na fazo v rastni sezoni, tvorbi biomase in zrnja v 3 letih raziskav. Kot rezultat poskusa je bila dokazana možnost gojitve toploljubnih ščirov v klimatski razmerah Čuvaške republike, za zeleno biomaso vrsti A.cruentus and A.caudatus in za zrnje vrsto A.cruentus.
The paper treats the problems of correlation among inflation, increase in government spending and increase in money supply (M2). It is shown that there is no correlation for 13 out of 14 investigated countries including Russia. The paper proves that the type of inflation in Russia is cost-push inflation. Its main sources are monopolistic surplus for raw materials and energy being included in prices as well as prices for the products of natural federal and regional monopolies.
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