Adaptation to weather conditions is an important feature of cultivars. To assess plant adaptability, we applied a physiological test of Ribesia (Berl.) Jancz. leaf resistance to abiotic factors during vegetation. The effect of high temperatures and drought on red currant plant photosynthetic apparatus and water regime was studied in 2011-2013 in the Central-Chernozem region (Orel region). Five varieties and three selected seedling genotypes of different eco-geographic and genetic origin were used including the derivatives of Ribes petraeum Wulf., R. vulgare Lam. and R. multiflorum Kit. (of these, six genotypes were originated in VNIISPK). Leaves of red currant plants are known to have a mesomorphic structure characteristic of Ribesia (Berl.) Jancz. subgenus. In this paper, it was shown that the morphological characteristics of leaves (i.e., shape, venation) are determined by the biological features of varieties while growing conditions alter the anatomical structure. We found a positive correlation between the leaf area and hydrothermal coefficient (r = +0.99) and negative correlation between the leaf area and environment temperature (r = 0.97). An increase in leaf thickness, the expansion of spongy parenchyma cells, a decrease in chlorophylls (both Chla and Chla + Chlb), as well as elevated carotenoid level are the response to stress factors during vegetation. The ratio coefficient of chlorophyll sum to carotenoids is considered as one of the adaptation indices. High coefficients were revealed in Hollandische Rote variety (5.14) and 1426-21-80 (5.51). Correlations between the chlorophyll sum and water loss (r = 1.00) as well as chlorophyll sum and fraction of available water (r = +0.98) were ascertained. The pigment content, fractional composition of water and water holding capacity of leaves are interconnected with the water shortage. The positive correlation of air temperature and water deficit (r = +0.84) has been noted. The total water content in red currant leaves depends on the shoot growth, leaf age, variety, meteorological conditions and is not the main indicator of resistance to high temperatures and drought. Ratios of bound and free water and water holding capacity of leaves vary depending on meteorological conditions and water availability. In 2012 the weather conditions were unfavorable, and in all red currant genotypes the increase of the coefficient of bound water to available water as well as drop in water loss were observed. According to the parameters of water regime, Hollandische Rote variety and 1426-21-80 displayed high adaptability. The laboratory diagnostic methods were confirmed by the field data of genotype resistance under high temperature and moisture deficiency. Thus, the physiological express tests are suitable for estimation of red currant plant adaptability to environmental factors in the course of breeding. A comprehensive assessment showed diverse ecological plasticity in the plants with different Ribesia (Berl.) Jancz. subgenus species in the pedigree. The derivatives of Ribes ...
The physical and mechanical parameters of berries and the morphometric features of the structure of the bush growth habit are important criteria in predicting the use of berry harvesting equipment. In this research, six red currant cultivars have been studied. The berry separation force, the crushing force, and the strength of attachment of the berries to the stalk were assigned to the physical and mechanical parameters and were determined using the "PLODTEST-1" and "Dina-2" devices (Russia). For the optimal operation of the berry harvester, the crushing force of the berries must be more than 2 N, the berry separation force must be in the range of 0.5–1.5 N. A high correlation between the separation and crushing forces was determined (R = 0.71). During the period of technical maturity, the strength of the attachment of the berries in the raceme was more than 0.5 N and, by the end of maturation, this indicator decreased. Most of the studied cultivars have a compact, optimal bush volume. The red currant cultivars Niva, Asya and Vika are promising for mechanised harvesting.
The aim of this work was to study the mechanism of climatic adaptation of red currant genotypes (Ribes rubrum L.) on the basis of physiological, biochemical and agrometeorological measurements and to determine the different phenophases of plant development identify adaptive genotypes for introduction. The studies were carried out in 2014–2017. The indicators of the water status of annual shoots (water content, water retention capacity), the biochemical composition of berries (vitamin C) and phenological observations were evaluated, taking into account meteorological data. The genotypes of R. petraeum Wulf. and R. multiflorum Kit. had the longest production period. Ambiguous data on the influence of temperature on the content of ascorbic acid in berries were revealed. High temperatures (>+26 °C) contributed to a greater accumulation of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of R. vulgare Lam. High accumulations of vitamin C in the range of +25–27 °C were found in R. petraeum Wulf. and R. multiflorum Kit.. High water content and water loss contributed to early recovery from the dormant state and reduced resistance to spring temperature changes in R. vulgare Lam. Genotypes of R. vulgare Lam., and R. multiflorum Kit. are promising for growing in a zone with a temperate continental climate. The genotypes of the species R. petraeum Wulf are suitable for introduction to the areas with a continental climate. The obtained results are important for adaptive gardening.
This represents the first report on the genetic diversity of red currant germplasm collections based on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. Genotypes of 75 individuals of different origin were assessed in more than 7.5K genome positions. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis has been performed. There are five accessions that are significantly isolated from each other and from the rest of the analyzed cultivars. F1 offspring of R. petraeum Wulf (Rote Hollandische) and Gondouin, as well as Rote Spatlese (F2 of R. petraeum and F2 of R. multiflorum Kit.), are the most genetically isolated on the MDS plot. Ribes multiflorum is closer to the rest of cultivars than the three abovementioned accessions. Purpurnaya cultivar (F1 of Rote Spatlese) is located between Rote Hollandische and R. multiflorum. Other genotypes, mostly represented by varieties having several species in a pedigree, occupied the rest of MDS plot relatively evenly. Descendants of R. multiflorum have been placed in the left part of MDS plot, which underlines their genetic diversity from other accessions. White- and pink-fruited cultivars were clustered together, underlining genetic relatedness. Admixture analysis of GBS data reveals six clusters (K = 6). Presumably, clustering reflects relatedness to R. petraeum, R. rubrum, R. vulgare var macrocarpum, R. multiflorum, R. vulgare, and Jonker van Tets. Based on genotyping data, F1 offspring of R. warscewiczs Jancz (cultivar Viksne), R. altissimum Turcz (Cirald), and R. palczewskii (Jancz.) Pojark (Skorospelaya) have not exhibited strict separation and were placed in a pool with other varieties. This supports modern taxonomic classifications that do not consider R. altissimum and R. palczewskii as independent species.
Red currant is a valuable berry crop. The assortment is improved through the selection of new varieties. In the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (Russia), breeding work for red currant has been carried out since 1984. The ‘Heinemanns Rote Spatlese’ variety, selected in Germany in 1942 by crossing the Prince Albert variety with Andenken an Lorgus (type of multiflowered currant - Ribes multiflorum Kit. ex Schult.), was widely used as the initial form in crosses. The greatest breeding value was shown by the family 'Rote Spatlese'×'Jonkheer van Tets’, from which 7 varieties of red currant were obtained: Asora, Valentinovka, Dana, Dar Orla, Ogonyok, Orlovchanka, Podarok Leta. The combinations in which 2 varieties were selected were also effective: 'Rote Spatlese‘×'Red Lake' - Bayana (white-fruited), Selyanochka; 'Rote Spatlese'×'Minnesota’ – Osipovskaya, Orlovskaya Zvezda; 'Rote Spatlese'×'Maarse's Prominent' - Marmeladnitsa, Ustina. The research results show that the cultivar ‘Rote Spatlese ' is a valuable initial form in red currant selection for late ripening, long-raceme, high productivity. Based on the ‘Rote Spatlese’ genotype, VNIISPK has created 13 late-maturing, high-yielding varieties of red currant, 9 of them are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the Russian Federation.
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