A definition of real and complex domains for the order of fractional Fourier transforms is introduced in association with diffraction either in free space or through real and complex lenses. The geometrical and the optical conditions that lead to real and complex orders of the fractional Fourier transforms and their relevance to cascading optical systems are discussed.
A simple and precise technique, based on Talbot interferometry, of measuring the focal distance of a simple lens or a compound lens system is described. To establish the foundations of the technique, properties of selfimages in free space and of their images, when formed by a lens, are first examined and experimentally demonstrated.
Coupling optical energy into an integrated optical circuit is essentially a problem of mode conversion from a Gaussian laser beam to the specific mode of waveguide excitation desired. This paper describes preliminary experimental results obtained with couplers in which mode conversion is performed by holographic wave-shaping techniques.
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