Carlscn O, Alexandersen V: Radix entomolaris: identification and morphology. Scand J Dent Res 1990; 98: 363-73. Abstract -The Royal Dentai College, Copenhagen, houses an extensive collection of human teeth, extracted in Denmark. At present, the collection includes 398 permanent mandibular molars with a root complex containing a lingually-located supernumerary root. This oiacrostructure is called radix entomolaris (RE). By analyzing the large number of available specimens it was possible to establish uniform and precise criteria for the identification of RE on Ml inf, M2 inf, and M3 inf. The analyses included separate as well as non-separate RE. The representation of the RE variants according to tooth types was mapped. Furthermore, the following relevant clinical variables with respect to RE were registered: degree of separation, divergence, apical bend, apical gracility, and fusion. Because of the nature of the material, the investigadoB was mostly qualitative and non-metric. The results should be of interest to clinical dentists, dental morphologists, and dental anthropologists.
It is suggested that these types of 3D volumes constitute a platform for preclinical training in fundamental endodontic procedures.
Carlsen O, Alexandersen V: Radix paramolaris in permanent mandibular molars: identification and morphology. Scand J Dent Res 1991; 99: 189 95.Abstract -The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, houses an extensive collection of human teeth which have been extracted in Denmark. The collection presently includes 203 permanent mandibular molars with a root complex containing a facially-located supernumerary root. This macrostructure is named radix paramolaris (RP). By analyzing the large number of specimens available it was possible to establish uniform and precise criteria for the identification of RP on Ml inf, M2 inf, and M3 inf The analyses included both separate and non-separate RP. The representation of the RP variants according to tooth type was mapped. Furthermore, the following clinically relevant variables with respect to RP were registered: degree of separation, divergence, apical bend, apical gracility, and fusion. Because of the nature of the material, the study was mostly quahtative and non-metric. The results are aimed primarily at clinical dentists, dental morphologists, and dental anthropologists.
Carlsen O, Alexcmder.scn V Heitmann T, Jakobsen P: Root canals in one-rooted tmt.xillary second molars. Scand J Dent Res 1992: 100: 249-56. The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, houses an extensive collection of human teeth extracted in Denmark. The collection currently contains 104 onerooted, permanent maxillary second molars. The root complex on these teeth was sectioned at the junction between the coronal and the apical halves, i.e. mid-root, and at the junction between the middle and the apical thirds, i.e. apically. Using a stereomicroscope we then registered, mid-root and apically, the following variables: canal number, canal position, and canal cross-section. Mid-root there was 1 centrally located root canal in 25.96% of the teeth examined; 2 canals were observed either mesially and distofacially, mesiofacially and distally, or facially and lingually in 34.62%; 3 canals positioned mesiofacially, distofacially, and lingually were found in 39.42%. At the same level 63.51% of the canal cross-sections were non-circular, whereas 36.49% of the canals had a circular cross-section image. The non-circular canal cross-sections could more specifically be characterized as C-shaped, Y-shaped, hourglass-shaped or the root canal had a greater faciolingual than mesiodistal extension or, respectively, a greater mesiodistal than faciolingual extension. Apically there was 1 centrally located root canal in 35.58%; 2 canals were observed with a position either mesially and distofacially, mesiofacially and distally, or facially and lingually in 37.49%; 3 canals located mesiofacially, distofacially, and lingually were found in 26.92%. At the apical level. 64.32'y;i of the root canal cross-sections were noncircular, whereas 35.68% of the canals showed a circular cross-section. The results presented here are aimed at; clinical dentists, endodontists, and dental morphologists.
Two lingual root structures are occasionally found on human permanent maxillary molars. One of these is the normal lingual root, which is always present, the other is a supernumerary structure which can be located either mesiolingually (radix mesiolingualis (RML)) or distolingually (radix distolingualis (RDL)). The available literature refers only to the existence and location of RML and RDL Very small materials have, quite simply, hitherto precluded a more detailed description of these roots. The large collection of extracted teeth at the School of Dentistry in Copenhagen now includes a non-random subcollection of 145 permanent maxillary molars, the root complex of which contains 2 lingual root structures. Based on this material it was possible to undertake a modern, systematic analysis of the macromorphological variation of RMLs and RDLs. In this study, which was mainly non-metric, criteria for the identification of RML and RDL were established. The analysis also showed that the lingual supernumerary roots were only rarely found on the first molar, but with increasing frequency on the second and third molars. Both separate and non-separate RML and RDL were observed. In the material, degrees of separation greater than 0.9 were registered, degrees of divergence up to approximately 45 degrees, an apical bend of approximately 90 degrees, and extreme apical slenderness. Even though the supernumerary roots described here do not occur very often, knowing about them is nevertheless clinically relevant in for example endodontic and surgical contexts.
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