A class effect of quinolone antibacterial agents observed during animal toxicity testing is a specific arthropathy (QAP). Despite the growing list of laboratory animals susceptible to QAP and reports of arthralgia in patients treated with quinolones, the potential for QAP development in humans remains unknown. This review discusses current concepts in the biology of articular cartilage and how these concepts elucidate QAP pathogenesis. Biomechanical forces within synovial joints and toxicokinetic properties of quinolones contribute to QAP induction. Since a limited number of mechanistic pathways exist for acute articular damage, QAP may serve as a research tool to probe the pathobiology of injury to articular cartilage.
Summary The clinical features of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus infection in goats were studied in two field outbreaks and by contact exposure of susceptible goats. Clinical signs observed included sudden onset of pyrexia, necrosis and erosions of the oral cavity, diarrhoea, and pneumonia, in that chronological order. Erosions of the vulva and prepuce as well as abortion were recorded in a few cases. Bacteriological examination of ante — in and post mortem samples showed that the most significant bacteria associated with PPR — infected goats were Pasteurella haemolytica, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococus pyogenes from the lungs, Salmonella sp. and E. coli from the faeces, Moraxella bovis from the eyes and Staphylococcus pyogenes from the oral cavity. The pathological lesions seen in natural PPR included necrosis, erosions and ulcerations of the epithelial layers of the labium, the vulva, and the alimentary tract as well as giant‐cell type pneumonia. However, some of the affected goats had fibrinous or purulent bronchopneumonia, most probably caused by secondary bacteria. Zusammenfassung Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) bei Ziegen in Nigeria: Klinische, mikrobiologische und pathologische Charakteristika Die klinischen Charkteristika der Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)‐Virusinfektion bei Ziegen wurden während zwei Feldausbrüchen und mittels Kontaktexposition empfänglicher Ziegen untersucht. Die beobachteten klinischen Krankheitszeichen waren plötzlich auftretendes Fieber, Nekrosen und Erosionen in der Maulhöhle, Durchfälle und Pneumonien in der aufgeführten Reihenfolge. Erosionen an Vulva und Präputium ebenso wie Aborte wurden in wenigen Fällen beobachtet. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen von ante‐ und post mortem Proben zeigten, daβ die wichtigsten bakteriellen Infektionen in Verbindung mit der PPR verursacht wurden von Pasteurella haemolytica, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa und Staphylococcus pyogenes, isoliert aus der Lunge, ferner von Salmonella sp. und E. coli, isoliert aus den Faeces, sowie von Moraxella bovis, isoliert aus den Augen und von Staphylococcus pyogenes isoliert, aus der Maulhöhle. Die pathologischen Läsionen, die bei den natürlichen Ausbrüchen der PPR beobachtet wurden, waren Nekrosen, Erosionen und Ulcera des Lippen‐Epithels, des Epithels der vulva und des Verdauungstrakts und das Auftreten von Pneumonien des Riesenzell‐Typs. Obwohl einige der befallenen Ziegen fibrinöse oder purulente Bronchopneumonien hatten, dürften diese höchstwahrscheinlich durch bakterielle Sekundärinfektionen verursacht sein. Résumé Peste des petits ruminants (PFR) chez des chèvres au Nigeria: caractéristiques cliniques, microbiologiques et pathologiques Les caractéristiques cliniques de l'infection virale de la peste des petits ruminants (PPR) chez des chèvres ont été examinées durant deux épizooties dans le terrain et au moyen d'une exposition par contact de chèvres réceptives. Les signes cliniques observés ont été une fièvre brutale, des nécroses et des errosions dans la gueule, d...
Immune response of challenged chickens following previous vaccinations with Newcastle disease vaccine using gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis as delivery agent were evaluated. Two hundred and fifty-two one-day old chickens were divided into vaccine-gum oral (GVOR), vaccine-gum ocular (GVOC), vaccine oral (VOR), vaccine ocular (VOC), gum oral (GOR), gum ocular (GOC), No-gum-no-vaccine/challenged (NGNV/C), and No-gum-no-vaccine/unchallenged (NGNV/U) groups. They were vaccinated at days 21 & 42 and challenged at day 84. Trachea and intestinal washings were collected at intervals as well as weekly serum samples. These were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for mucosal and systemic IgG response (MA and SA). Statistical analysis was done using Omnibus one-way ANOVA. MA and SA were not different (P > 0.05) post first and second vaccination although gum-vaccine groups were marginally higher post second vaccination. Post Infection (PI), there was an early and sustained spike in both MA and SA for the GV groups especially GVOR (P < 0.05). MA and SA for the Gum alone (especially GOR) groups also spiked PI (P < 0.05). Therefore, phytogenic polymers used could be said to possess immunopotentiating property with a possible induction of immunologic memory mechanism.
To determine the effect of midazolam on ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, 20 guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) were randomly divided into 2 groups. Birds in group KX were anesthetized with ketamine (15 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg i.m.), whereas the birds anesthetized in group KXM received midazolam (0.3 mg/kg i.m.) in addition to the ketamine and xylazine protocol. The onset of anesthesia, duration of analgesia, duration of recumbency, and recovery time were determined. Heart and respiratory rates as well as cloacal temperatures were recorded immediately after drug administration and at 10-minute intervals until the birds were sternally recumbent. Analgesia was assessed as a response to artery forceps applied to the digit and skin proximal to the tarsal joint. The mean (SD) duration of analgesia in the group KXM birds was 37.4 +/- 23.5 minutes, whereas no analgesia was apparent with the group KX birds. The duration of recumbency was significantly longer and respiratory rates were significantly lower in group KXM birds compared with those in group KX. Adverse effects were minimal and included diarrhea (n = 1) and hypersalivation (n = 2) in group KX birds, and regurgitation (n = 2) in group KXM birds. Midazolam administered intramuscularly appeared to improve the anesthetic quality of ketamine and xylazine in guinea fowls without adversely affecting safety.
Following previous studies on delivery potential and immune response of chickens given Newcastle disease vaccine with gums, this study was conducted to evaluate the protective ability of vaccines delivered with plant gums against clinicopathological features of Newcastle disease (ND). Processed gums from incised trunks of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis trees were combined with ND vaccine in ratio 2:2:1 and administered at 21 days to white leghorn cockerels after weaning of maternal antibodies. The birds were grouped into gum-vaccine-oral (GVOR), vaccine-oral (VOR), gum-vaccine-ocular (GVOC), vaccine-ocular (VOC), gum-oral (GOR), gum-ocular (GOC), no-gum-no-vaccine/challenged (NGNV/C), no-gum-no-vaccine/unchallenged (NGNV/U). Vaccination was boosted with the same preparation at day 42 while birds were challenged with live ND virus (KUDU strain) at day 84. Clinical signs (Dullness, Diarrhoea, Paralysis, Torticollis) Post infection (Pi), terminal weakness, gross and histology lesions were scored on a severity scale from absent (0-), mild (1+) to moderate (2+) and severe (3+). Scores were assigned a quantitative score of 0, 10, 20, 30 respectively. Clinical signs scores for the 5 week Pi were subjected to Friedman test to assess the significance of severity among the groups. The test was significant at 1% significance level which implies that the clinical signs ranked highest in the NGNV/C, followed by the Gum alone groups, the vaccine alone groups and the gum-vaccine groups irrespective of route. Moribund birds subsequently euthanized were seen in the GOR and GOC group at 21% each and at 57% in NGNV/C group alone. No signs were seen in the NVNG/U group. Grossly, mild to moderate lesions were seen in all groups except GVOR and NGNV/U. At histology, pulmonary congestion, acute pneumonia, cecal tonsilar haemorrhages, gliosis and neuronophagia were present at different proportions in all groups except the GVOR and NGNV/U. Overall, lesion severity was least in the gum-vaccine groups while the oral groups had less lesion score compared to the ocular. From this study, phytogenic mucoadhesives polymers used hold immense potential as a delivery agent capable of improving protection against clinicopathologic features of Newcastle disease in previously vaccinated birds.
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