Preventing disease through healthy environments iii 5. Conclusion: Towards healthy environments Key findings Reducing the burden of unhealthy environments Annexes Annex 1: WHO Member States and country groupings by income region Annex 2: Results tables Annex 3: Technical annex on methods annex 3.1. calculation of population attributable fractions annex 3.2. combination of risk factors for one disease: additional information annex 3.3: additional information on estimation of PaFs for selected diseases References Preventing disease through healthy environments viii ExEcutivE Summary xi disease or injury Main intervention areas Infectious and parasitic diseases Respiratory infections Household and ambient air pollution, second-hand tobacco smoke, housing improvements. Diarrhoeal diseases Water, sanitation and hygiene, agricultural practices, climate change. Intestinal nematode infections Water, sanitation and hygiene, management of wastewater for irrigation. Malaria Environmental modification and environmental manipulation to reduce vector breeding sites and reduce contact between humans and disease vector, contextually mosquito-proof drinking-water storage, livestock distribution. Trachoma Access to domestic water supplies, latrines, fly control, personal hygiene. Schistosomiasis Excreta management, safe water supply, safe agricultural practices, worker protection. Chagas disease Management of peri-domestic areas. Lymphatic filariasis Modification of drainage and wastewater ponds, freshwater collection and irrigation schemes. Onchocerciasis Water resource management projects (particularly dams). Leishmaniasis Housing, cleanliness of the peri-domestic environment, worker protection. Dengue Management of water bodies around the house, removing standing water. Japanese encephalitis Management of irrigation areas and distribution of farm animals, personal protection. HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases Occupational transmission in sex workers and migrant workers. disease or injury Main intervention areas unintentional injuries Road traffic accidents Design of roads, land-use planning; traffic intensification in development areas with big infrastructure projects. Unintentional poisonings Safe handling and storage of chemicals, adequate product information, adequate choice of chemicals, worker protection. Falls Safety of housing and work environment. Fires, heat and hot substances Safety of cooking, lighting and heating equipment, building fire codes, use of flammable materials in the home, safety of occupational environments and practices, climate change. Drownings Safety of water environments, public awareness, regulations, worker safety, climate change. Other unintentional injuries Protection from animal bites and contact with venomous plants, safety of mechanical equipment, ionizing radiation and currents. Intentional injuries Self-harm Access to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, access to firearms. Interpersonal violence Access to firearms, urban design (e.g. mobility, visibility), worker protection.these p...
