Synopsis
Significant differences in the emergence rate index (E.R.I.) were observed for a group of standard height and semidwarf selections as well as for groups of club and common semidwarf selections. Indexes were found to correlate positively with matureplant heights and coleoptile lengths of seedlings grown at 50° and 90° F. Partial correlations indicated that associations between E.R.I. and plant height and E.R.I. and coleoptile length were closely related.
Synopsis
Four dwarf and semidwarf wheat varieties were not induced to attain a standard height by treatment with gibberellic acid, and they responded less to treatment than the standard‐height varieties. Optimum growth response occurred generally after injections with 100‐ppm of gibberellic acid, whereas inhibition was sometimes observed after treatment with 1000‐ppm. Spike emergence of 3 of the 6 varieties was hastened. Treatment affected internodes of three varieties differently depending on both variety and concentration of gibberellic acid.
The MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic, emerging virus that produces accessory proteins to antagonize the host innate immune response. The MERS-CoV ORF4b protein has been shown to bind preferentially to the nuclear import adapter IMPα3 in infected cells, thereby inhibiting NF-κB-dependent innate immune responses. Here, we report high-resolution structures of ORF4b bound to two distinct IMPα family members. Each exhibit highly similar binding mechanisms that, in both cases, lack a prototypical Lys bound at their P2 site. Mutations within the NLS region dramatically alter the mechanism of binding, which reverts to the canonical P2 Lys binding mechanism. Mutational studies confirm that the novel binding mechanism is important for its nuclear import, IMPα interaction, and inhibition of innate immune signaling pathways. In parallel, we determined structures of the nuclear binding domain of NF-κB component p50 bound to both IMPα2 and α3, demonstrating that p50 overlaps with the ORF4b binding sites, suggesting a basis for inhibition. Our results provide a detailed structural basis that explains how a virus can target the IMPα nuclear import adapter to impair immunity, and illustrate how small mutations in ORF4b, like those found in closely related coronaviruses such as HKU5, change the IMPα binding mechanism.
Synopsis
The most efficient semidwarf winter wheats for eastern Washington have strikingly similar head, leaf, culm, and growth characteristics. General plant and growth patterns of the most efficient selections are best represented by CI 13438. Likewise the best semidwarf variety suitable for commercial production is represented by Gaines. Comparative performances in varietal trials show distinctly greater efficiency in production of semidwarf over standard‐height commercial varieties in eastern Washington.
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