Degenerative and compensatory adaptive changes in hepatocytes and other cell populations were detected in liver biopsy specimens from patients with diabetes mellitus concomitant with chronic opisthorchis invasion. The degenerative changes included alteration of hepatocyte nuclei, infiltration of the nucleoplasm with glycogen, and formation of cricoid nuclei. The cholestatic syndrome manifested in increased intracellular cholestasis. Perihepatocellular fibrosis characteristic of combined disease leads to "autonomization" of hepatocytes, "activation" of all poles of the plasmalemma, and formation of numerous microvilli not only at the biliary and sinusoidal poles, but also on lateral surfaces. These changes are directed at improvement of hepatocyte functional activity and intensification of metabolic processes.
The mucus layer covers all the internal surfaces of the body. The surfaces communicate with the external environment. The functions of the mucus layer are determined by its components, including glycoproteins that provide physical and chemical protection to the epithelium. The glycoproteins also perform the exchange function with the external environment. Even at the dawn of evolution, glycoproteins were exteriorly organized to protect the first multicellular animals from external microorganisms, pathogens, and toxins. It is interesting to note that the structure of the glycoproteins has similarities with the structure of antibodies, especially in terms of the relatively constant polypeptide chain and its glycosylated sections, containing oligosaccharide chains with different variants of monosaccharides. The review discusses modern concepts of the mucus layer evolution, the structure of glycoproteins, the peculiarities of its synthesis, degradation, and under-researched functions of the mucus layer. It is assumed that the mucus layer has virucidal and bactericidal capabilities due to circulating enzymes of the digestive tract, which can accumulate in the mucus layer and degrade any microorganisms, regardless of their variation, mutations, and recombination. Therefore, the normal production of digestive tract enzymes can provide non-specific protection from external pathogens entering through open systems of the body. Understanding these processes can significantly limit the spread of existing and new infections.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 1 типа, диабетическая нефропатия, ультразвуковое исследование почечных артерий, динамическая нефросцинтиграфия, сердечная форма белка, связывающего жирные кислоты, интерлейкин-6, интерлейкин-8. Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetic nephropathy, ultrasound examination of renal arteries, dynamic renal scintigraphy, heart fatty acid binding protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-8.
DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF RADIOLOGICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS AS MARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSTICS OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE
The aim of the investigation was to study the prevalence, clinical and prognostic values of polymorphism of genes II, V factors of blood coagulation and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in patients with chronic kidney disease. Examination was performed on 90 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 180 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CG). In addition to complete clinical and instrumental examination accepted in specialised clinic, with the help of polymerase chain reaction diagnostics of polymorphism of the referred above genes (samples of genomic DNA were obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes) was conducted. It was found that the protrombogenic mutations under investigation which are detected in patients with DN and CG more often than in healthy subjects are associated with development of hypercoagulation syndrome and higher risk of renal failure.
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