formed during incomplete combustions of organic substances but few to be mention such as cigarettes, coal etc. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more compounds such as soot. The emissions of PAHs in Nigeria have contributed significantly to the environment and live of aquatic organisms. Thus, this paper reviewed the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in the water, sediments and organisms in inland and coastal waters. Methodology: Literatures of relevant and previous studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water, sediment and organism within and outside Nigeria were reviewed. Results: The contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and can cause adverse effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic lives with no report on mammals in the aquatic environments. Conclusion and Recommendation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reviewed displayed different effects caused in the lives of human and aquatic organism based on the concentration level. Their sources were more of anthropogenic than natural source with varied concentrations at various source points due to different activities in question. The positive impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on fish and other aquatic organisms as a result of bioconcentration, biotransformation and biomagnification become a threat to humans that rely on eighty percent of aquatic resources. Therefore, conceived efforts should be made to reduce these effects, general public monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on discharge sources in the biosphere.
The indiscriminate discharges of anthropogenic effluents containing heavy metals from the surrounding residential buildings and industries into Woji Creek are alarming and of environmental concern. This research thus aimed to compare the bioconcentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) in the water and mudskippers (Periophthalmus barbarus) of Woji Creek to ascertain their suitability for human consumption. Samples of water and mudskippers were analyzed for these heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer between October 2019 and September 2020. Water and P. barbarus samples were collected from three locations and transported to the laboratory for heavy metals analyses. The results showed that Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations (mg/L) in water were 0.741±0.550, 0.80±0.034 and 2.867 respectively, while that of fish (mg/Kg) were 3.554±0.91, 2.083±0.91 and 4.987±0.60 respectively. All the heavy metal concentrations studied exceeded the permissible limits of FMEnv and WHO. The hierarchy of heavy metal concentrations in both water and fish was Cr>Pb>Cd. All the metals studied exhibited significant (P<0.05) higher values in water in the dry season than wet season except Cr, while in fish, all were higher in the wet season than in the dry season except Pb. The bioconcentration factor showed that P. barbarus has a high potential to concentrate heavy metals in their body. The study showed that Woji Creek is under stress, and its P. barbarus is heavy metal-contaminated and unsuitable for human consumption. The study, therefore, recommends that there should be proper biomonitoring to avoid indiscriminate anthropogenic activities in the area.
Background and Objective: This study aimed at using application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in evaluating the quality status of some artificial aquatic environments (concrete, earthen and plastic fish tanks/pond) in Roone Fish Farm, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria were studied from October 2018 to September 2019. Methodology: Nine water quality parameters were considered and some samples were measured in-situ (Temperature, pH, conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) while biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) were analyzed in the laboratory following standard methods. Results: The results obtained were subjected to Minitab version 16 and Tukey’s comparison test was also employed to separate means. The water quality index (WQI) calculation used the mean values of the nine (9) parameters chosen using the standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) for drinking water quality. The water quality indices for concrete fish tank, earthen fish pond and plastic fish tank were 60.24, 73.34 and 70.20 respectively. Though, earthen fish ponds had higher WQI value and would have considered very poor water with regard to WQI calculation. The values of the WQI revealed that all the three artificial aquatic environments (concrete, earthen and plastic pond/tanks) were considered to be poor water quality. Conclusion and Recommendations: It was concluded that WQI is used as a tool for communicating information on the status of quality in different water bodies despite their medium and purpose of use. It was also recommended that the three artificial aquatic environments water should be monitored regularly and may be treated before use to avoid related public health issues.
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