No abstract

Abstract. The sustained development over the past decades of the offshore wind industry has seen older wind farms beginning to reach their design lifetime. This has led to a greater interest in wind turbine fatigue, the remaining useful lifetime and lifetime extensions. In an attempt to quantify the progression of fatigue life for offshore wind turbines, also referred to as a fatigue assessment, structural health monitoring (SHM) appears as a valuable contribution. Accurate information from a SHM system can enable informed decisions regarding lifetime extensions. Unfortunately direct measurement of fatigue loads typically revolves around the use of strain gauges, and the installation of strain gauges on all turbines of a given farm is generally not considered economically feasible. However, when we consider that great numbers of data, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and accelerometer data (of cheaper installation than strain gauges), are already being captured, these data might be used to circumvent the lack of direct measurements. It is then highly relevant to know what is the minimal sensor instrumentation required for a proper fatigue assessment. In order to determine this minimal instrumentation, a data-driven methodology is developed for real-world jacket-foundation offshore wind turbines (OWTs). In the current study the availability of high-frequency SCADA (1 Hz) and acceleration data (>1 Hz) as well as regular 10 min SCADA is taken as the starting point. Along these measured values, the current work also investigates the inclusion of an estimate of the quasi-static thrust load using the 1 s SCADA using an artificial neural network (ANN). After data collection all data are transformed to features on a 10 min interval (feature generation). When considering all possible variations a total of 430 features was obtained. To reduce the dimensionality of the problem this work performs a comparative analysis of feature selection algorithms. The features selected by each method are compared and related to the sensors to decide on the most cost-effective instrumentation of the OWT. The variables chosen by the best-performing feature selection algorithm then serve as the input for a second ANN, which estimates the tower fore–aft (FA) bending moment damage equivalent loads (DELs), a valuable metric closely related to fatigue. This approach can then be understood as a two-tier model: the first tier concerns itself with engineering and processing 10 min features, which will serve as an input for the second tier that estimates the DELs. It is this two-tier methodology that is used to assess the performance of eight realistic instrumentation setups (ranging from 10 min SCADA to 1 s SCADA, thrust load and dedicated tower SHM accelerometers). Amongst other findings, it was seen that accelerations are essential for the model's generalization. The best-performing instrumentation setup is looked at in greater depth, with validation results of the tower FA DEL ANN model showing an accuracy of around 1 % (MAE) for the training turbine and below 3 % for other turbines, with a slight underprediction of fatigue rates. Finally, the ANN DEL estimation model – based on two intermediate instrumentation setups (combinations of 1 s SCADA, thrust load, low quality accelerations) – is employed in a farm-wide setting, and the probable causes for outlier behaviour are investigated.

No abstract

Offshore wind infrastructure lab (OWI-lab), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Abstract. A reliable load history is crucial for a fatigue assessment of wind turbines. However, installing strain sensors on every wind turbine is not economically feasible. In this paper, a technique is proposed to reconstruct the thrust load history of a wind turbine based on high-frequency Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data. Strain measurements recorded during a short period of time are used to train a neural network. The selection of appropriate input parameters is performed based on Pearson correlation and mutual information. Once the training is done, the model can be used to predict the thrust load based on SCADA data only. The technique is validated on two different datasets, one consisting of simulation data (using the software FAST v8, created by Jonkman and Jonkman, 2016) obtained in a controllable environment and one consisting of measurements taken at an offshore wind turbine. In general, the relative error between simulated or measured and predicted thrust load barely exceeds 15 % during normal operation.