Study of carbon dioxide emissions in different types of peatlands use in Central and West Kalimantan has been conducted in January-June 2006 and January-April 2007. The study represents 4 types of land use in Central Kalimantan as treatment: 5 years for chinesse cabbage, 10 years for chinesse cabbage, 5 years for sweet corns, and 10 years for sweet corns. As for the treatments in West Kalimantan, they include corn field, Aloe vera field, oil palm plantation, and rubber plantation. Carbon dioxide was measured using infrared gas analysis (model EGM-4, PP systems, Hitchin, UK). In Central Kalimantan, the highest CO 2 is emitted from sweet corn plants (arable land for 10 years) by 0. emissions in all types of peatlands use. C-organic production of sweet corn plants at 11.66 t C/ha/year is higher than that of chinesse cabbage plants at 1.64 t C/ha /year. Corn plants produce organic-C was 11.66 t C/ha/year, equivalent to the amount of loss of C through CO 2 emissions by 11.29 t C/ha/year.
As the largest palm oil-producing country in the world, Indonesia has abundant biomass potential from the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Palm oil production in 2018 in Indonesia is 34.94 million tons, where have by-products are empty bunches (23%), mesocarp fiber (12%), and palm kernel shell (5%). Palm kernel shells are a potential biomass that can upgrade the quality as a solid fuel through thermochemical processes. Torrefaction is one of the thermochemical processes where currently being used to increase the quality of biomass. The usual method used for the torrefaction process in the laboratory is the batch method. However, this method has a disadvantage when the capacity is improved make decreases the quality of the fuel produced. In this study, the quality of torrefied palm kernel shell from batch and batch torrefaction with internal surface area modification were compared. The torrefaction process was carried out at 275°C, with a residence time of 30 minutes. The results showed that the torrefaction of the modified batch method had a better heating value, and was proximate as a fuel.
Indonesia merupakan negara produsen dan eksportir kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia, yang menghasilkan limbah biomassa yang melimpah. Pemanfaatan limbah hasil industri kelapa sawit menjadi bahan bakar dengan modifikasi termokimia dapat menjadi salah satu solusi untuk membuat nilai tambah dari limbah tersebut. Berdasarkan tinjauan dan penelitian terdahulu, cangkang kelapa sawit merupakan bahan baku yang baik untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar berbasis biomassa. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses torefaksi cangkang sawit dengan ukuran lolos ayakan 0,5 cm kemudian diuji nilai kalor sebelum dan setelah torefaksi. Torefaksi cangkang sawit dengan menggunakan metode COMB (Counter Flow Multi-Buffle) pada suhu 250 °C dan flowrate 4 cm 3 /menit meningkatkan nilai kalor sebesar 824,43 cal/g dengan nilai sebelum dan setelah torefaksi sebesar 4018,78 cal/g dan 4843,21 cal/g. Dibandingkan dengan metode batch pada penelitian sebelumnya nilai kalori yang dihasilkan tidak berbeda jauh. Keunggulan metode COMB adalah waktu prosesnya yang singkat yakni sebesar 5 menit, sedangkan metode batch memerlukan waktu 15-60 menit, sehingga kebutuhan energi untuk prosesnya lebih besar.
Torrefaction is a pre-treatment in thermochemical processes in order to make biomass becomes fuel with better properties, such as the increasing of carbon content and caloric value. Torrefaction is generally carried out at a temperature range of 200-300°C with holding temperature of 30-60 minutes in inert conditions and atmospheric pressure. On the other side, palm oil is one of biomass that is potential to be used as fuel in which its availability is abundant and has good physical properties. The purpose of this study is to increase the caloric value and thermochemical properties by torefaction process. Within this study of palm kernel shell, torrefaction is carried out from 0.5 cm sieve using the COMB (Counter Flow Multi-Buffle) method at temperature of 250°C with heat flow rate of 4 cm3/minute and characterized by its physicochemical properties. The obtained results are the energy yield of 0.77 with an energy density of 1.21 and the caloric value that increases from 16.82 to 19.11 MJ. This is also supported by the results of ultimate analysis where the carbon level increases then the O/C and H/C ratio decreases. Moreover, based on proximate analysis, volatiles matter level decreases by 9.34% and ash content increases by 0.64%. To sum up, palm kernel shells can be enhanced by their physicochemical characteristics through torrefaction.
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