Cosmetics accumulated in facial skin are difficult to remove by ordinary cleansers because they normally contain highly waterproof ingredients. Therefore, development of makeup remover products is necessary for the efficient removal of cosmetics without irritation to the skin. Current commercial makeup removers are emulsions produced from mineral oil and water with surfactants sometimes cause allergies and acne. To overcome these problems, vegetable oils seem to be promising ingredients for makeup removers. In this study, such makeup removers were prepared as water‐in‐oil (w/o) microemulsion from a mixture of castor oil and sunflower oil at ratios from 1:9 to 5:5 and water with nonionic surfactants, Span®80 and Dehydol LS®TH. The remover candidates were selected with respect to transparency of emulsion and cleansing efficiency. As a result, an emulsion was prepared from a mixture of castor oil and sunflower oil with the ratio of 3:7, Dehydol LS®TH with 7 repeating units of ethylene oxide, and 7.0% (w/w) of water. It was found that the stability of transparency and a high cleansing efficiency were attributed to the hydrophilicity of the surfactant and castor oil. Dynamic light‐scattering analysis demonstrated that the emulsion consisted of nanoscale micelles, resulting in a microemulsion.
AbstractThis article demonstrates the development of activated carbon fiber electrodes produced from hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) to fabricate electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) with high energy and power densities using an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte. A mixture solution of HKL, polyethylene glycol as a sacrificial polymer, and hexamethylenetetramine as a crosslinker in dimethylformamide/acetic acid (6/4) was electrospun, and the obtained fibers were easily thermostabilized, followed by carbonization and steam activation to yield activated carbon fibers (ACFs). The electrochemical performance of EDLCs assembled with the ACFs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) as an IL electrolyte and a cellulosic separator was insufficient due to the low conductivity of the electrode. The conductivity of the electrode was improved successfully by spraying conductive carbon black (CB) onto the fibers mat during electrospinning. The CB containing electrodes with improved conductivity gave the resulting EDLCs a higher electrochemical performance, with an energy density of 91.5 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 76.2 kW kg−1.
In this study, lignin-based conducting carbon nanofiber mat was prepared by electrospinning followed by a thermal treatment. Lignin is a sustainable carbon precursor. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) acts as a binder polymer, which increases the viscosity of the lignin solution using dimethylformamide solvent and helps in the formation of a stable nanofiber. The mixture solution was electrospun, followed by stabilisation and carbonisation to yield carbon nanofibers (CNFs). A fixed amount of external load was provided to the lignin fiber mat during the stabilisation procedure and then carbonised to yield stretched carbon nanofibers (S-CNFs). On stretching the mat, surface conductivity was enhanced by 3 times, and the surface area by 1.3 times compared to that of non-stretched CNFs. Finally, the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was assembled with the resulting (CNFs and S-CNFs) nanofiber mat using 6 M of KOH aqueous solution. S-CNFs mat exhibits a specific capacitance of 266 F g−1, which was higher than that of CNFs, i.e. 258 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 .
This paper demonstrates direct electrospinning of two kinds of cellulose acetate, water-soluble cellulose acetate (WSCA) and cellulose diacetate (CDA), onto a non-conductive synthetic polymer sheet to modify its surface morphology. Polyurethane (PU) sheets for polishing compact and hard disks were used as an example of synthetic polymer sheet. The direct electrospinning of WSCA 11 wt.% in aqueous ethanol solution (40 wt.%) and CDA 9 wt.% in aqueous acetone solution (90 wt.%), were carried out by spraying anti-static agent onto the sheet. However, the electrospun fibers were easily peeled off from the PU sheet. Tight fixation of the fibers was achieved by spraying a 50 wt.% of dimethylformamide/ethanol solution additionally during the spinning.Finally, the cellulose acetate fibers on the PU sheet were converted to regenerated cellulose fibers by leaving the fibers in an ammonia atmosphere for complete saponification. Change in surface morphology was evaluated by tribology test in addition to microscopic observations. Friction coefficient of PU sheet was dramatically decreased with increasing the amount of WSCA and CDA fibers deposited, suggesting that the PU sheet surface became smoother. Most of friction coefficients of the sheet were slightly increased by saponification, except for that of the PU sheet with increased amount of WSCA fibers, which might be attributed to the change in the elasticity upon saponification.
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