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Objective - Despite extensive research on Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and innovation and performance, there are still limited resources on how these areas benefit Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). There are various financial aids and support services that are provided to SMEs. Despite this, SMEs still tend to perform quite low. This paper aims to identify the link between EO and SME performance using innovation as a mediator. Methodology/Technique – To achieve this objective, a quantitative approach is used. Questionnaires are collected from 285 SMEs in Peninsular Malaysia. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis is applied to test the hypotheses on the direct and indirect relationships between EO and SME performance through innovation. Finding - The findings of this study show that only two aspects of EO (innovativeness and proactiveness) have significant relationships with SME performance. Interestingly, all dimensions of EO have a direct impact on innovation. Further, innovation has a direct effect on SME performance and is a significant mediator between EO and SME performance. Novelty - These findings indicate that EO is a strong predictor of Innovation and SME performance. The discussion provided in this paper strengthens the body of knowledge on Entrepreneurship and acts as a benchmark for future studies on EO, Innovation and SME Performance. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: M13, M19, L25. Keywords: Malaysia; Entrepreneurial Orientation; Innovation; SME Performance. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kee, D.M.H; Rahman, N.A. 2020. Entrepreneurial Orientation, Innovation and SME Performance: A Study of SME in Malaysia using PLS-SEM, Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review 8(2): 73 – 80. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.2(1)

This paper examines the extent to which gender influences on the practice of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) on Start-up Success. This study was conducted among Spin-off and Symbiosis Company (SSC) from all sectors in Peninsular Malaysia. Despite the remarkable research on EO and Start-up firms, there is a missing link on how gender provides different perspectives of EO practices among SSC, especially in Malaysia. A total of 120 SSC was chosen and the results show that EO was statistically related to Start-up Success and unveiled the magnitude of change that gender possesses in improving the relationship between EO practice and Start-up Success. The major implication of this study presents the unique contribution of gender in motivating SSC owners to engage in EO. Also, the difference of gender perceptions in business provides a variety of untapped opportunities in terms of entrepreneurial-related practices as different gender perceived different needs and capabilities. Future research is suggested to explore this phenomenon more extensively and develop a comprehensive model for the gender analysis. In brief, the discussion in this paper would help to strengthen the body of knowledge on Entrepreneurship and act as a future reference on SSC, EO, and Start-up Success.

This paper examines the Start-up Success of Spin-off and Symbiosis Company (SSC) using Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and Support Service. Notwithstanding the extensive study on start-up firms and Support Service, there is a missing link on how EO impacts Start-up Success, particularly in Malaysia case study. To address such limitation, this paper proposed that Start-up Success of SSC will be improved by EO and Support Service. A total of 120 SSC in Peninsular Malaysia were employed as respondents and data were analyzed using PLS-SEM analysis. The empirical results showed that EO is positively related to Start-up Success and intensify the potentials of Support Service as a moderator. As most of the related literature highlights the importance of Support Service, this study brings new perspectives on how EO is also significant in improving the Start-up Success. In addition, the critical discussion provided in this paper is expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurship studies and act as a future reference on the EO, support service, and SSC. JEL Classifications: L26, M13

Objective – Leadership and innovation are two related concepts which have gained a lot of interest among researchers focusing on management and entrepreneurship. Research on these topics are important for the development of the dynamic workforce and are useful to various organisations. However, in the real world, the effectiveness of employee performance is considered as unsatisfactory meaning there is room for improvement. Methodology/Technique – Previous literature had found that Transformational Leadership and Team Innovation are among the key factors which can be used to improve employee performance. This study will examine and test the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Team Performance to understand how Team Innovation mediates this relationship. A total of 197 samples are collected from employees in Multinational Companies (MNC). The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Findings – The findings indicate that Transformational Leadership has a significant positive impact on Team Performance. Further, Team Innovation mediates the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Team Performance. Novelty – The major implications of these findings are further explored. In particular, this paper contributes to leadership literature by recommending that team leaders aim to inspire and empower employees to achieve organizational goals. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: M11, M15, M19. Keywords: Transformational Leadership; Innovation; Multinational Companies. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kee, D.M.H; Rahman, N.A; Tan, A.W. 2020. The Impact of Transformational Leadership and Team Innovation on Team Performance: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review 5(2) 99 – 106 https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2020.5.2(2)

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Objective - The rapid growth in the ageing population necessitates a more intensified effort to include patients of all ages in global sustainable development. While many countries struggle to manage their ageing populations, efforts to ensure adequate health are alarmingly unconvincing. In fact, the spread of infectious diseases, especially Tuberculosis (TB), within the ageing population remains a threat to meet the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Studies related to the ageing population in Malaysia are rather limited and their perspectives on infectious disease patients are often neglected. Methodology/Technique – Therefore, this study aims to investigate the perspective of ageing tuberculosis patients on preventive measures and to what extent their behaviour helps Malaysia to comply with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Of 1,600 patients to whom questionnaires were sent, 1,368 completed questionnaires that were used for further analysis. This study was conducted in 2015 within selected states of Malaysia with high occurrence rates of TB cases. Finding - This paper confirmed that TB patients in this study possessed high TB knowledge especially among male and married patients with low household income. Also, the findings revealed that most TB patients understood that smoking increases the risk of TB infection, yet, they did not quit smoking which explains that majority of them have been diagnosed with TB for more than five years. Despite the patients possessed high TB knowledge, results on their attitude towards family, friends, and neighbours indicated that the patients did not distance themselves from others which might cause infections. In fact, in terms of TB practices; most patients still reluctant to wear facial mask in public. Novelty - Hence, the strategies to end the TB epidemic in Malaysia by 2035 should be improved so that the quality of life for the ageing population can be assured. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Malaysia; ageing population; infectious disease; tuberculosis (TB); patient; healthcare; policy Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Mokhtar, K.S; Rahman, N.A; Haron, M.S. 2020. Complying with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals: A case of the Malaysian ageing population, Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review 8(1): 01 – 11. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.1(1) JEL Classification: I12, I19

Academic discussion on the fundamentals of foreign policy often draws a debatable argument in International Relations research. Yet, the effort to unravel the core definition of foreign policy is limited and largely unobserved. Regardless of any foreign policy beliefs, understanding the fundamentals is crucial to make informed decisions related to international affairs. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore the fundamentals of foreign policy in twofold namely; (1) Working on outlining the definition of foreign policy and (2) Factors that influence foreign policy decisions. By employing secondary data, the systematic review was conducted based on past literature with respect to foreign policy studies and premiership; extracted from reputable databases. The literature search was limited to English sources, published in Scopus, ScienceDirect, and indexed in Google Scholar from 1960 to 2020. Accordingly, five factors emerged from the review which revealed the significant influence of individual, position, government, society, and system in formulating foreign policy decisions. These factors are considered as drivers in the foreign policy landscape and evidently shaped the Malaysian principles in collaborating with international cooperation. Finally, this paper provides insights into the existing literature with a detailed definition of foreign policy and narrates the way foreign policy decisions have effects on Malaysian political affairs. A set of recommendations were proposed as a brief agenda for future research.