Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Celery (Apium graveolens L) are vegetables and medicinal plants that have excellent benefits for health. The content of secondary metabolites that are very diverse in these two plants has the potential to be developed in other fields. This study aimed to determine the content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of moringa and celery leaves. The phytochemical analysis using the qualitative parameters of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and steroids, and antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that moringa leaves contained considerable flavanoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid compounds while celery leaves contained fewer flavonoid, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Results of the antioxidant activity assay showed that moringa leaf extract had the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248.85 μg/mL while the formulation of moringa-celery (1: 1) had the lowest activity with an IC50 value of 1451.86 μg/mL. These results showed that the antioxidant activity of moringa leaf extract had better antioxidant activity than the moringa-celery extract formulation.
The high level of ammonia and nitrite is a toxic factor for both poultry and aquaculture animals that directly lead to lower economic benefits. Thus, reducing ammonia and nitrite levels is an essential key for successful culture and is also important to reduce the amount of ammonia and nitrite released into the environment. This study aimed to screen bacteria having a capacity to degrade either ammonia or nitrite in vitro. Five bacterial strains previously isolated from broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) intestine and pond sediment of Nile Nilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were used in this study, namely IBP-1, IBP-2, IBP-3, IBP-4, and IBP-5 strains. The screenings were performed using either NH4Cl containing medium or NaNO2 containing medium to determine the ability of bacteria to reduce ammonia or nitrite respectively. The ammonia and nitrite levels were afterwards measured at the beginning (day 0: before bacterial inoculation), 24h (day 1), 48h (day 2), and 72h (day 3) after the addition of 1 ml of the bacterial suspension. The results showed that the five bacterial isolates were able to degrade the ammonia and nitrite content. The greatest reduction of ammonia was achieved by IBP-4 strain (0.00 mg/l), followed by IBP-5 strain (0.04 mg/l), IBP-1 strain (0.05 mg/l), IBP-3 strain (0.14 mg/l) and IBP-2 strain (0.19 mg/l). IBP-1 and IBP-2 strains showed the highest reduction of nitrite levels with values of 0.01 mg/l and 0.02 mg/l after 72h of bacterial inoculation. These results suggest that the five bacterial strains are potentially used for degrading toxic ammonia and nitrite.
The development of android-based media as a learning medium for junior high school students is motivated by the lack of fun learning media, especially in the field of mathematics that is able to increase students' understanding of mathematical concept. The development of this learning media uses Macromedia Flash Professional, Corel Draw x4 and Microsoft power point. All three are applications that are used to process menu views that will be included in multimedia learning. Multimedia is expected to be able to facilitate students in learning material to build flat. This study uses a research and development approach by adopting the development models of the Alessi and Trolip models. The development steps are (1). Planning (planning); (2). Design (design); and (3). Development (development). The subjects chosen in this study were Grade VII students of junior high school students. The trials in this study were conducted twice, namely small-scale trials using 2 or 3 students and large-scale trials using one class. The research instrument was a learning achievement test and used a questionnaire. The results showed that the learning media that had been made were considered appropriate to be used in mathematics learning with a feasibility standard greater than 70%.
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