Carboxymethyl sago starch (CMSS) is prepared using carboxymethylation reaction. The reaction times are varied to determine the optimum degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). The CMSS prepared via carboxymethylation for 3 h shows the highest DS and RE. The CMSS hydrogel is prepared using citric acid as a cross‐linker. The effects of the preparation condition of citric acid/CMSS hydrogel such as the percentage of citric acid (w/w), cross‐linking periods, and cross‐linking temperature on the gel fraction are investigated. The optimization of preparation conditions of hydrogels using cross‐linker demonstrated 25% higher gel fraction compared to previously reported sago starch hydrogels prepared via irradiation cross‐linking. The swelling study is carried out in distilled water (pH 6.5), acidic (pH 1.2), neutral (pH 7.4), and alkaline (pH 11) media. The release behavior of methylene blue (MB) as the drug model suggests the potential of CMSS hydrogel to be used in drug delivery applications.
Summary Fluorescent conducting polymer, polythiophene (PT) and PT derivative, poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were synthesised using chemical oxidative polymerisation technique. The polymerisation period for PT were varied to examine the effect of polymerisation time on the properties of PT. PT and P3HT showed interesting characteristics including high fluorescent, whereas the PT synthesised in 3 hours (PT(3h)) has shown antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial activity of PT and PT3HT obtained was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (B145), Escherichia coli (E266), and Candida albicans (C244). This antibacterial study demonstrated that PT (3h) contains antimicrobial properties on both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. From the solubility test, PT (3h) and P3HT were further used in the preparation of the composite nano/microfibers with polystyrene (PS) through electrospinning technique. These fibres have the potential to be used in a range of applications that includes antimicrobial materials and sensing.
This paper introduces the usage of three controls as a way to reduce the occurrence of vector-borne disease. The governing equation of the dynamical system used in this paper describes both direct and indirect transmission mode of vector-borne disease. This means that the disease can be transmitted in two different ways. First, it can be transmitted through mosquito bites and the other is through human blood transfusion. The three controls that are incorporated in the dynamical system include a measurement of basic practice for blood donation procedure, self-prevention effort and vector control strategy by health authority. The optimality system of the three controls is characterized using optimal control theory and the existence and uniqueness of the optimal control are established. Then, the effect of the incorporation of the three controls is investigated by performing numerical simulation.
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