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Hydrolysis reaction was carried out at varying NaOH concentrations of 0.008, 0.016 and 0.024 M, variable temperature of 6 and 21 °C, and constant initial crystal violet (CV) concentration of 2.6 × 10–5 M. Kinetic data of the reaction were generated using UV–Vis Spectrophotometer. Analysis of the reaction kinetics shows that the overall rate order of the hydrolysis reaction was 1st order. The individual rate order of the reaction with respect to NaOH and CV was temperature dependent. At 21 °C the rate order with respect to NaOH and CV were 0.24th and 0.76th, respectively. While at 6 °C the individual rate order were 0.38th and 0.62th with respect to NaOH and CV, respectively. Values of the reaction rate constant (k) at 21 and 6 °C were 7.2 and 1.9 $$\left( {\frac{{{\text{mol}}}}{{\text{L}}}} \right)^{{ - 0.9}} min^{-1}$$ mol L - 0.9 m i n - 1 , respectively. The activation energy of the reaction was determined as 60.57 kJ/mol. The reaction was an endothermic reaction having enthalpy values of 58.13 and 58.29 kJ/mol at 21 and 6 °C, respectively. The entropy and Gibbs free energy of the hydrolysis reaction at ambient temperature of 21 °C were − 64.72 J/mol K and 77.15 kJ/K, respectively. At 6 °C the entropy and Gibbs free energy of the reaction were − 64.29 J/mol K and 76.19 kJ/K, respectively.

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The energy and exergy analysis of FCCU of Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) Nigeria is presented. The primary objectives of this work were to analyze the system components separately and to identify and quantify the sites having largest energy and exergy losses. The performance of the plant was estimated by a component wise simulation using Aspen Hysys software and a detailed break-up of energy and exergy losses for the considered plant has been presented. The ideal work was calculated to be (-74.169 MW) which characterized the system as work producing. Energy losses mainly occurred in the fractionator column where 46.6MW is lost to the environment while only 3.69, 1.77 and 0.68 MW was lost from the condensers, other equipment and absorbers respectively. The percentage exergy and second law efficiencies of the system was found to be 61.20 and 24.77 %.

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Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for p Chemical and physical comparative effect of wet and dry beneficiation processes for purification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was urification of kaolin was studied. studied. studied. studied. X X X X-ray flourescence ray flourescence ray flourescence ray flourescence XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried XRF and particle size analysis of kaolin clay before and after beneficiation were carried out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin out. The Si/Al ratio of the raw kaolin which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry which was 1.90 decreased by 1.6 and 17.9% after the wet and dry beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. beneficiation processes respectively. The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% The clay content of the raw clay which was 48 wt% was improved to 73 wt% after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%. after the dry beneficiation while the impurity content was reduced from 52 to 27wt%.

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