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Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm. The main endemic regions for human alveolar echinococcosis are Central Europe, Russia, Turkey, Japan, China, Eastern France, North America. EM is an endemic disease in Turkey and especially common in the eastern Anatolia Region as seen in our case. The liver is the primary focus of the disease, cerebral localization is rare. Cerebral hydatid disease is approximately 5% of alveolar hydatid cases and generally considered to be fatal. Surgical treatment should be considerd whenever possible. We present a case of cerebral alveolar hydatid disease that was thought to be cerebral metastasis.

AIm: The connections of posterior commissure are defined. Its fibers mediate the consensual light reflex by interconnecting the pretectal nuclei. The fiber connections from the thalamic, pretectal, superior colliculus and the habenular nuclei are known, but they have not been shown anatomically. The present study is a fiber dissection study to define the anatomy of the posterior commissure. mAterIAl and methOds: Twenty formalin-fixed sheep heads were used in the study. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution for 3 weeks. The arachnoidal and vascular structures were removed by using a surgical microscope magnification (x6-x40) and brains were again fixed for 4 weeks at -20°C. The fiber dissections were performed at Marmara University, Rhoton Laboratory. Also, a radiological tractographic study was carried on five healthy volunteers to see the posterior commissure cortical connections. results:In fifteen sheep brains, the dimensions of the posterior commissure were measured as 1.36 mm (range 0.5-2.5 mm) width, and as 4.6 mm (range 3-6 mm) length. In the dissection study, a frontotemporooccipital fascicle was observed to connect with the fibers of the posterior commissure. Diffusion tensor imaging scans showed the frontotemporooccipital tract to extend to posterior commissural region.COnClusIOn: To our knowledge, this is the first anatomical and tractographic study regarding the posterior commissure. However, further human cadaveric studies are necessary. BulGulAr: On beş koyun beyninde posterior komissür'ün ortalama kalınlığı 1,36 mm (0,5-2,5 mm), uzunluğu 4,6 mm (3-6 mm) olarak bulundu. Posterior komissür'ün her iki tarafta superior ve inferior kolikulusları bağladığı; habenula, pretektal, tektal ve periakuaduktal bölgeden kısa liflerle bağlantı kurduğu görüldü. Bazı spesimenlerde hipokampal komissür liflerinin splenial bölgede bu liflere eşlik ettiği izlendi. Talamik diseksiyondan sonra gözlenen frontotemporooksipital fasikülün posterior komissür'e uzandığı saptandı. sOnuÇ: Çalışmada diseksiyonla posterior komissür'ün frontotemporooksipitopontin bağlantısı gösterilmiştir. Araştırma posterior komissür'ün lif bağlantılarını ortaya koyacak insan kadavra çalışmalarıyla desteklenmelidir.

We found a linear relationship between the axon density of the OMNs and pupillary diameters. High degenerated neuron density in the OMNs may be responsible for an unresponsive pupillary that has not been mentioned in the literature.

It was shown that the nontraumatic IEC are more frequent in older ages. In youngs, it can generally be embryologic or rarely of mechanical origin following trauma. Cranial trauma may be important for developing of IEC. Trauma may lead to inclusion of epidermal cells into the diploe of the skull and may be a reason of intradiploic epidermoid cyst in older age. The effect of older age, and gender difference on occurrence should be investigated.

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia, leading to damage in a number of tissues. Retinas, neurons, and kidneys are especially affected (1). Acute and chronic complications may occur. Chronic complications are divided into vascular and nonvascular complications. Vascular complications are subdivided into microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease). Oxidative stress, glycosylation, and protein kinase-C activation are shown in all tissues affected by microvascular complications (1-3). Glucose homeostasis in humans is important for the functioning of the nervous system. The brain is an insulin-sensitive organ with widespread and selective expression of the insulin receptor in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum; hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia affect the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to severe dysfunction (1-3).Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with functional and structural blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes in cerebral microvessels (3). Diabetes is also associated with gradually developing end-organ damage in the central nervous system, known as diabetic encephalopathy, characterized by impairment of cognitive functions and electrophysiological changes. Chronically increased intracellular glucose concentration leads to functional, structural, and neurodegenerative changes (1).Studies performing biochemical and structural analysis of the brain relevant to the ultrastructural features of diabetes are limited, and the number of cerebellar studies are even more so. This study aimed to analyze the structural and ultrastructural cerebellar changes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (2,4-6). Materials and methodsTwenty male adult Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200-220 g were obtained from the Experimental Medicine Research Institute (DETAE). Fourteen of these animals were selected as the diabetic group, and after 12 h of Background/aim: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy has been extensively studied and reported, but the number of studies that have investigated diabetes-related changes in the central nervous system are limited, with even fewer studies on the cerebellum. The aim of this experimental study was to perform a histologic analysis of the diabetes-related changes in the cerebellums of diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Twenty Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 200 and 220 g were included in the study. Diabetes was induced in 14 of these rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in saline, while 6 animals constituted the control group. The induction of diabetes was confirmed by measuring the blood glucose levels in the tail blood with a glucometer. Levels equal to or above 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Induction of diabetes failed in 3 animals, who were then excluded from the study.Results...

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Paragangliomas are neuro-endocrine tumors originating from the adrenal gland. They are usually benign and nonfunctioning, rarely seen in central nervous system. More than 90% of central nervous system paragangliomas are manifested as carotid and glomus jugulare tumors. Spinal paragangliomas are quite rare.The study was conducted through retrospective analysis of the files of the patients who had undergone surgery with pre-diagnosis of spinal intradural tumor between 2011 and 2017 and diagnosed with paraganglioma.A total of 8 patients (4 females and 4 males) were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 51.1 years (28–64). Time to admission was mean 6.5 months (3 weeks–24 months). Recurrence was not observed in 7 patients, 1 patient is being followed up due to residual tumor.Treatment may be achieved through recognizing malignant transformation in patients who were not diagnosed histopathologically. We consider that quality of life of the patients may be improved through this way.