This study examines the construction of the human-nature relationship in the Jungle (2017) movie. Jungle movie presents the mindset and behavior of men through four male characters (Yossi, Marcus, Kevin, and Karl) towards the wild (wilderness) as a masculinity framework. Using a qualitative method with an ecocriticism approach, especially related to ecological masculinity by Hultman and Pulé, this study shows how the construction of human-nature relationships through masculinity framework presents ecological masculinity as a form of hegemonic masculinity negotiation. The analysis focuses on two aspects of film studies: narrative and cinematographic by Bogss and Petrie. The results of this study indicate that in the depiction of nature through the Amazon Forest, nature is positioned as something dangerous, wild, scary, and capable of killing humans. Therefore, nature is represented as an entity that dominates humans. However, men's mindset and behavior towards nature present the illusion of a human versus nature dichotomy; in this case, the Jungle movie tries to present a critique of anthropocentrism. In addition, the mindset and behavior of male characters toward nature represent male masculinity models, especially ecological masculinity, as an alternative to hegemonic masculinity.
Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas praktik-praktik negatif, khususnya terhadap orang Afrika-Amerika dalam New Kid (2019), sebuah novel grafis yang ditulis oleh Jerry Craft. Dengan menggunakan teori Frantz Fanon, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana rasisme dan diskriminasi terhadap Afrika Amerika berimplikasi pada diaspora Afrika Amerika, khususnya anak-anaknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, serta pendekatan kognitif dalam memaknai novel grafis, seperti penekanan huruf dalam gelembung ucapan, ekspresi wajah, dan postur karakter. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa orang Afrika-Amerika mengalami mikroagresi berupa diskriminasi dan marginalisasi; mereka juga mengadaptasi budaya kulit putih. Kata kunci: Afrika Amerika, diaspora, novel grafis, mikroagresi, rasisme Abstract This study deals with negative practices, especially towards African Americans in New Kid (2019), a graphic novel written by Jerry Craft. Using Frantz Fanon's theory, this study aims to examine how racism and discrimination against African Americans have implications for the African American diaspora, especially their children. This study uses the qualitative method, as well as the cognitive approach in making meaning the graphic novel, such as the emphasis of the letters in speech bubbles, facial expressions, and postures of the characters. This study concludes that African Americans experience microaggression in the form of discrimination and marginalization; they also adapt to White culture. Keywords: African American, diaspora, graphic novel, microaggression, racism
For centuries, racial discrimination and injustice have resulted in the struggle of African Americans to resist racial inequality. Nevertheless, their struggle has never been easy since racism against African Americans has long been institutionalized. In other words, any kinds of white oppression that marginalized, discriminated, and alienated African Americans have embedded in formal institutions, such as legal, educational, as well as social and political institutions. Accordingly, this study dealt with institutional racism and black resistance in the United States as portrayed through images and narratives in two American graphic novels, Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred: A Graphic Novel Adaptation and John Lewis’ March: Book Three, which depicted different ways African Americans were oppressed by and resisted against institutionalized racism. This study applied African American criticism to reveal the racism and black resistance portrayed in both graphic novels based on Feagin’s and Better’s theories of systemic racism and institutional racism. As this study focused on graphic novels, the analysis combined both narrative and non-narrative elements in making meaning through cues provided in the graphic novels, including stressed words and facial expressions. This study reveals that the whites have successfully oppressed African Americans for so long due to the white racial frame and its embedded racist ideology that enforced segregation system. Furthermore, the findings suggest that only by empowering themselves, African Americans are able to resist institutionalized racism in order to gain their freedom and equality of rights.
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