The absence of macroscopic gastric injury throughout the gastrointestinal tract indicates that the oxidative stress in the stomach and the significant decrease of nitric oxide in the duodenum in the old rats are not sufficient to disrupt the mucosal defence network. The results support the notion that the disruption of the mucosal network is essentially regulated by the cytoprotective agents prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, and that injury appears only when both substances are concurrently reduced.
The present contribution argues that illocutionary interpretation is not only metonymic (Panther & Thornburg, 1998, 2003), but also a matter of active zone/profile discrepancy (Langacker, 1987, 1999). The theoretical framework is the Lexical Constructional Model propounded by Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal (2008, 2011) and Mairal & Ruiz de Mendoza (2009). In this study I examine active zone/profile discrepancy in a number of expressions that are constructionally polysemous from an illocutionary perspective. Such is the case of the utteranceStay away from me if you don’t want to get in trouble, which profiles an instruction to avoid some negative consequences and can be understood either as a threat or a warning depending on the active zone. The results of the analysis provide evidence of the need to consider cognitive construal operations in the approach to illocution adopted by the Lexical Constructional Model.
One of the most common techniques to find the adequate weights in ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators is based on the orness concept, where the weights are determined by maximizing the entropy (variation) for a fixed orness value. But such an entropy represents a dispersion measure for nominal variables, while weights in an OWA operator are essentially ordinal rather than nominal. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel way to determine OWA weights based upon ordinal dispersion measures instead of an standard entropy measure. From this approach, we find an explicit formula for the weights, and we illustrate differences by means some multicriteria decision‐making examples.
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