Seed, as a primary input, plays a vital role for establishment of forest plantation and for any afforestation program. In the recent years, forest and land rehabilitation and community forestry become a great emphasis for Indonesian national forestry programs that make the requirement of seed has multiplied manifold. Seed has become a valuable commodity and thus needs a prudent planning and sophisticated innovated equipment to support procurement of high-quality seeds and seedlings. In the last few years, research and development in seed science and technology have made significant progress. Basic problems faced in tree seed procurement in the tropic are seed characters of recalcitrant and intermediate which well known for drastically deteriorating in seed viability and vigor, sensitive to drying process and low storability. Applied technology for improving seed and seedling quality can be conducted by invigoration methods including physical invigoration (hydro-priming, osmo-priming, matri- conditioning, gamma-ray irradiation) and physiological invigoration (hormone priming, micronutrient, bio-priming, ultra-fine bubble). Seed storage technique has been developing for preparation of planting program and in-situ conservation through seedling storage and cryopreservation. In seed distribution scheme, seed and seedling certifications were developed by compiling the seed testing and seed quality standard of Indonesian Nasional Standard.
Indonesia is a tropical country with an area of rain forests around 128 million ha. Forests have economic, social and environmental functions, therefore those functions must be sustained. Seeds are a very important part for maintaining the sustainability of forest functions, by providing good quality of seeds and seedlings. Nearly 70% of the seeds of forest plants in Indonesia are recalcitrant and intermediate, dominated by species of Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, Araucariaceae, and Verbenaceae. In general, the characteristics of the seeds can be divided into 3 groups based on their sensitivity of drying and storability, namely orthodox, recalcitrant and intermediates. The viability of orthodox seeds can be maintained for long storage periods in low temperatures, whereas recalcitrant seeds are difficult to store for long periods and loseitsviability in a short time. Intermediate seeds are in between of the two characters, that the viability can be kept for a longer time (generally less than 1 year) than recalcitrant seeds. The main problems for recalcitrant and intermediate seeds are their short life time and for some species, the flowering and fruiting periods do not occur every year, especially for the species of Dipterocarpacae. These problems makedifficult to get large quantities of high-quality seeds. Therefore, seed handling techniques of recalcitrant and intermediates seeds are urgently needed. A proper seed handling is the key to maintain the physical, physiological and genetic quality of seeds which should be carried out by involving several activities including techniques of seed production, seed testing, seed storage, and nursery technique.
The accumulation of mismanaged plastic waste in the environment is a serious problem in Indonesia and become a global growing concern. Implementation of mitigation policies to reduce the use of plastics is very urgent, including in reforestation and land rehabilitation programs revealed by many plastics (polybags) used in seedling production for forest planting. Reducing the plastic waste in the planted forest areas can apply some alternative methods that were applied in several regions, such as direct seeding, bare-root seedling and bio-pot seedling. In this paper, application of several methods would be assessed as alternative methods for reforestation and land rehabilitation. Bio-pot seedlings had the highest growth performances in nursery and field test for several tree species, followed by polybag seedling, and direct seeding using seed briquette. However, seedling grown from direct seeding using seed briquette tended to have better root formation, especially in tap root length, tap root biomass and bellow-ground biomass. Direct seeding was estimated twice lower compared to transplanting using polybag or bio-pot seedlings. Furthermore, use of bio-pot seedlings was more effective in rapidly growth and establishing canopy. Direct seeding using seed briquette was a promising alternative technique for land rehabilitation and reforestation, especially for remote areas.
Wood quality and growth are two important parameters that need to be analyzed for the utilization and selection of superior genotypes. The objective of this research was to investigate the ten provenances growth characteristics and their physical and mechanical properties of Acacia mangium at Parung Panjang, Bogor. The provenance trial was arranged in three blocks of a randomized completely blocks design. In every provenance, 18 trees were sampled resulting in a total of 180 trees in each block representing each provenance measured for their total height, clear bole height, stem diameter at breast height, stem form, branching system, and crown form. Three individual trees were selected randomly from each provenance for wood properties traits, i.e. moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rapture (MOR). Significant differences among provenances were detected for stem diameter, clear bole height, branching system and crown form, while total height and stem form revealed not significantly different. Most of growth parameters was not significantly correlated with physical and mechanical wood traits, except for MOR, it revealed significant correlation with the total tree height, stem form, and branching system. Generally, some growth characteristics were not a good indicator for selecting the best provenance in wood properties. The best growth performance was revealed by Kiriwo/Serisa WP, Bimadebun Village, and Balimo District, but from wood quality, the superior provenance was revealed by Bimadebun Village with the lower moisture content, the highest wood density, the highest MOE and MOR. The Bimadebun Village provenance is potential to be developed as provenance seed stand, especialy for solid (contruction) wood.
The success of tree seed germination for planting programme depends on several factors including tree seed density for seed sowing. The purpose of this study was to determine the seed density based on the level of seed aging to increase the success of seed germination of several forest tree species, namely white jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb) Miq.), bambang lanang (Magnolia champaca Linn.), jelutung (Dyera polyphylla Miq.), kayu bawang (Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs), and trema (Trema orientalis Linn. Blume).The seed density treatments covered 5 phases (d0, d1, d2, d3, d4) based on the germination percentage (GP). Seedlots variation was derived from 5 seed aging treatments (0, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours).The determination of seed density was based on Kartika’s formula (1994).The results showed: (1) seed density of white jabon was 0.1g of seed/300cm2 with pure live seeds (PLS) of 1140 seedlings/ 0.1g of seed; (2) seed density of bambang lanang was 100 seeds/300 cm2 with GP of 58%; (3) seed density of jelutung seeds with 85% of GP was 50 seeds/600cm2; (4) seed density of kayu bawang with 83% of GP was 50 seeds/600 cm2 and (5) seed density of trema with 78% of GP was 100 seeds/600cm2. The longer the time of seed aging, the lower the value of germination percentage. Therefore,the lower the germination percentage, the seed density will be more tight.
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