Background: Nearly 25% of adults worldwide are affected by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). taged changes in the liver from steatosis progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its complicated forms such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are very few data in the literature on the development of NAFLD in conditions of high altitude. There are no data on the state of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in NAFLD in high altitude conditions. Thus, simulating NAFLD on animals in artificial highlands will help find answers to these questions. Aim: to study the features of the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in experimental animals in artificial high-mountain conditions. Material and methods: The study was carried out on 180 male Wistar rats. 7 groups of experimental animals were formed, which were divided into control and experimental groups. The rats of the control group were on a standard diet. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was modeled by keeping animals on a diet (Ackermann et al., 2005) rich in fructose and fat in low and high mountain conditions (in a pressure chamber 6000 m above sea level) for 35 and 70 days. In all groups of animals, the following was determined: the concentration of total bilirubin (TB), the activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the level of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), the total protein content in plasma (TP), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Results: In animals on a diet enriched with fructose and fat, it equally led to the inhibition of the synthetic function of the liver, both in high altitude and in low altitudes. Liver enzyme levels were uncertain. AST levels were high in all major groups, with a similar upward trend at 5 and 10 weeks on the fructose-fortified diet. The greatest shift was observed on the part of ALT in animals under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia, the growth of which was statistically significantly lower than in the low- altitude groups. The opposite picture was observed in pigment metabolism. Indicators of total cholesterol and LDL increased almost twofold in the main high- altitude groups, and were significantly higher than the indicators of low- altitude animals with p <0.001. The activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the main group, when the animals were raised in the pressure chamber, statistically significantly increased after 5 weeks compared to the low-altitude group by more than 2 times and statistically significantly correlated with cytolysis syndromes, hypercholesterolemia and impaired synthetic function against the background of liver hypoergosis. Conclusion: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in animals on a special diet enriched with fructose under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia is characterized by deeper violations of pigment metabolism, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and lipid spectrum with simultaneously statistically significant low alanine aminotransferase indices compared to low-altitude groups on an identical diet.
AIM: The aim of the study was to study the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 4 (IL-4), on a model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in experimental animals under conditions of low mountains and hypobaric hypoxia. METHODS: The study was carried out on 180 male Wistar rats, which were divided into control and experimental groups. The rats of the control group were on a standard diet. NAFLD was modeled by keeping animals on a diet (Ackermann et al., 2005) rich in fructose and fat in conditions of low mountains and hypobaric hypoxia (in a pressure chamber 6000 m above sea level) for 35 and 70 days. Total cholesterol (TC) and lipid spectrum, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined in all groups of animals. RESULTS: The activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the main group during the rise of animals in the pressure chamber increased statistically significantly on the 35th day in comparison with the low-altitude group by more than 2 times, and on the 70th day of staying at the high-altitude did not have convincing differences from the low-altitude group. The cytokine index (TNF-α/IL-4) of animals in conditions of hypobaric hypoxia on a fructose enriched diet increased by more than 1.5 times after 5 weeks, staying at an altitude for 10 weeks led to a decrease of TNF-α/IL-4 in relation to the low-mountain group, in which the opposite picture was observed - a tendency towards an increase in TNF-α/IL-4. IL-4 and TNF-α _levels were statistically significantly correlated with lipid metabolism disorders. CONCLUSION: NAFLD in animals on a special diet enriched with fructose under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia leads to deeper disturbances in the system of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the lipid spectrum.
Introduction: The purpose of the study was to establish spirometric reference values for a Central Asian population of highlanders and lowlanders. Methods: Spirometries from a population-based cross-sectional study performed in 2013 in rural areas of Kyrgyzstan were analyzed. Using multivariable linear regression, Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equations were fitted separately for men and women, and altitude of residence (700-800 m, 1,900-2,800 m) to data from healthy, never-smoking Kyrgyz adults. The general GLI equation was applied: Predicted value = e a 0 + a 1 ×ln(Height)+ a 2 ×ln(Age)+ b 1 ×ln Age 100 + b 2 ×ln Age 100 2 + b 3 ×ln Age 100 3 + b 4 ×ln Age 100 4 + b 5 ×ln (Age 100) 5 Results: Of 2,784 screened Kyrgyz, 448 healthy, non-smoking highlanders (379 females) and 505 lowlanders (368 females), aged 18-91 years, were included. Predicted FVC in Kyrgyz fit best with GLI "North-East Asians," predicted FEV 1 fit best with GLI "Other/Mixed." Predicted FEV 1 /FVC was lower than that of all GLI categories. Age-and sex-adjusted mean FVC and FEV 1 were higher in highlanders (+0.138l, +0.132l) than in lowlanders (P < 0.001, all comparisons), but FEV 1 /FVC was similar. Conclusion: We established prediction equations for an adult Central Asian population indicating that FVC is similar to GLI "North-East Asian" and FEV 1 /FVC is lower than in all other GLI population categories, consistent with a relatively smaller airway caliber. Central Asian highlanders have significantly greater dynamic lung volumes compared to lowlanders, which may be due to environmental and various other effects.
Today, there is insufficient knowledge about the course of metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in Asian populations living at different altitudes. Our article presents the results of the study of MAFLD in individuals with different body weights in conditions of high-mountain hypoxia. To study the course of MAFLD in lean and obese patients living in the conditions of low and high mountains of Kyrgyzstan. An open comparative study of Asian patients with MAFLD with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) living in low and high mountains was performed. In each category of patients, the lean (BMI≤23) and obese (BMI> 23) groups were considered. The anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters of blood were determined. The liver fibrosis index was calculated using the FIB Score. It was found that residents of the high mountains with MAFLD had a lower BMI compared to the lowlanders. Low blood glucose and HbA1c levels are observed in patients with high BMI living in high altitude areas compared with lowlanders, especially in combination with DM2. In the group of obese patients with MAFLD living in highlands, low total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and glomerular filtration rate are observed. A high risk of fibrosis was noted in the group of lean patients in both regions. Our results indicate that the study of the effect of chronic high-altitude hypoxia on the course of MAFLD requires prospective population-based studies.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.