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Lead (Pb) is one of the most common environmental pollutants and has detrimental effects on human and animal health. This study investigated the protective effects of quercetin on performance, egg quality, cecal microflora, and digestibility against Pb toxicity in laying quails. A total of 112 laying quails were divided into 4 experimental groups. Birds were fed 1 of 4 diets for 8 weeks: 1-Control (basal diet), 2-Pb (basal diet+100 mg/kg Pb), 3-Quercetin (basal diet+400 mg/kg quercetin), 4-Pb+quercetin (basal diet+100 mg/kg Pb+400 mg/kg quercetin). Results showed that the supplemantation of quercetin to Pb group was found to improve egg weight, feed intake and egg production but not statistically significant. Pb or quercetin were not affected significantly egg quality (P>0.05). Moreover, supplementation with quercetin increased the number of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased the number of coliform in the cecum (P<0.001). No dietary Pb or quercetin effects were observed in digestibility for dry matter and ether extract (P>0.05). Crude protein digestibility significantly decreased in Pb groups (P<0.001), but quercetin alleviated this condition. Consequently, quercetin can improve productive performance, nutrient digestibility and the cecal microbial balance, and may play role in alleviating the toxic effects of Pb exposure in quails.

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most important issues encountered globally in managing infectious diseases and is a potential problem in the treatment of Mycoplasma infections. The aims of this study were to: determine carrier rates in sick and healthy herds of sheep and goats; determine the presence in herds of carrier animals that were clinically asymptomatic for contagious agalactia and use antibiogram tests to investigate the susceptibility to antibiotics of Mycoplasma spp. positive isolates derived from sheep and goat ear swabs. The presence of contagious agalactia was diagnosed by analyzing ear swabs (n = 300, bacterial method, Mycoplasma spp.) and blood serum samples (n = 300, serological method [ELISA], Mycoplasma agalactiae) taken from sheep and goat herds located in Elazýð and Malatya provinces in eastern Turkey. The ELISA tests revealed seropositivity in 10 (3.33%) of 300 samples. In order to determine the most effective antibiotic for disease treatment, antibiogram testing was performed on 87 (29%) positive isolates that had been isolated from swab cultures. We determined tulathromycin (MIC 16 µg/mL) and tiamulin (MIC 16 µg/mL) to be the most effective antibiotics, whereas disease agents were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and neomycin.

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This study was designed to determine the effects of storage condition and period on mold-yeast, aflatoxin, E. coli and E. coli O157 in the wet sugar beet pulp (WSBP). For this aim, samples were taken from the first production of WSBP from the sugar factory (Control) and the newly packaged sacks from the packaging company (Packaged Control). Afterwards, additional two samples were taken from WSBP stored as packaged (Packaged) and as surrounded by a nylon cover outside near the barn (Nonpackaged) from the predetermined farms with one-month interval. The pH value of the Packaged group was significantly lower than the Non-packaged group at the end of the 1 st and 2 nd months (P<0.01). The yeast-mold count of Non-packaged and Packaged groups at the end of the 1 st and 2 nd months was determined to be 4.61, 1.60 and 4.83, 1.26 log10 CFU/g, respectively (P<0.01). However, aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) was not detected in groups. The E. coli was detected as 1.48 (in the 1 st month) and 1.53 (in the 2 nd month) log10 CFU/g in only Non-packaged group. It was worked for the identification of E. coli O157 from E. coli positive samples of Non-packaged group, but it was not detected. Consequently, it was determined that the use of packaged WSBP was better than the Nonpackaged in terms of microbiological analysis.