Five sunflower hybrids (Albena, Super Start, Zora, Santafe and San Luka) and their parental lines (2607, 1234, 1607 were tested on a block design in four replication in the course of two years. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for seed yield per plant followed by the number of seeds per plant and 1000 seed weight, while the lowest value was observed at 50% flowering. The heritability coefficients in a broad sense were high in all characters and ranged from 69.74 % to 96.96 %. Correlation between the main quantitative characters found a positive correlation with the seed yield per plant. Oil content was lower but not significantly correlated concerning the head diameter, the 1000-seed weight, the plant height, the stem diameter and the days to 50% flowering.
A comparative experiment was carried out with five Bulgarian and five foreign durum wheat cultivars. The aim of the experiment was to determine the chemical content and grain technological quality of some Bulgarian and foreign durum wheat cultivars grown under the agriecological conditions of Southern Bulgaria. The Vazhod cultivar proved to give the highest durum wheat grain yield, followed by Beloslava cultivar. Out of the foreign durum wheat cultivars the Durumko was notable for its higher productivity. The crude protein content in the grain was highest in Zagorka, Yavor and Yukon. The highest yield of gluten was reported in Beloslava, Vazhod and Zagorka.
Heavy‐metal soil pollution is a common environmental problem all over the world. In the induced phytoextraction process plants can transport and translocate to their above‐ground tissues significant concentration of contaminants. Since some heavy metals are mostly presented in non‐soluble state, the application of chelating agents is needed. In this study we introduced into the rhizosphere of maize (var. Kneja 530) and sunflower (var. Favorit) plants 1 and 5 mmol l−1 of EDDS and NTA, and 5 g kg−1 of nutrients to enhance the accumulated concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc. The fraction of CaCl2‐extractable metals increased incrementing the concentration of chelates. This was clearly pronounced for all the metals in the treatments with NTA and for Pb in those with EDDS. Generally, under all the experimental conditions the accumulated heavy‐metal concentrations were found to be significantly higher than in the control. Thus, in the case of higher concentration of NTA and EDDS, the accumulated Cd in the leaves of sunflower was found to be threefold higher. The highest accumulation of Pb in the leaves of maize was observed when nutrients were added (62 mg kg−1). On the other hand, negative effects of the used chelating agents on soil bacteria and fungi at plant harvest were not observed. Moreover, when nutrients were added, the number of studied microorganisms significantly increased.
SUMMARYInvestigations conducted during last years showed serious violations of ecological equilibrium in many agricultural regions.Crops produced in these regions are commonly used as food and feed. It has been established that the content of heavy metals in the soils and agricultural crops grown nearby the metallurgical factories is much above the admissible concentration. Micro-particles of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd separated in the atmosphere by aerosols, accumulate in the soil, plants and water areas. From the studied heavy metals the coarse particles of Zn commonly pile in soil nearby the contaminator, and the heavier particles of Pb are distributed by the prevailing winds. These elements accumulate shallow in the upper layer and confined to quantity move down. The irregular contamination of soil around certain factory is in great part dependent on turbulent movement of air, windlessness and the condition of fluctuating atmosphere - inversion. Contamination with heavy metals is most oftenly in according with areas. Maximum accumulation is found out on boundary areas in a distance at about 1000 m from the factory called the area of accumulation, and 15 000 m away from the factory called area of distraction. Commonly, on this area is grown one of the specific for Bulgaria culture - the sunflower. This needs solving of many problems connected with studying the accumulation and depous of localization of heavy metals in sunflower grown on contaminated soil, as well as their influence upon soil fertility.
Information on yield and agricultural performance of new sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids grown under dry weather conditions in South Bulgaria is limited. The objectives of this field study is to acquire information on seed yield and other agricultural characteristics of five sunflower hybrids and their parental lines in South Bulgaria. This research was carried out on the Experimental farm at the Agricultural University in Plovdiv, Bulgaria in the seasons of 2008 and 2009. Statistical analysis revealed that the differences among genotypes for all studied characters were significant in both seasons as well as in the combined one.
Spring camelina is a promising oilseed crop for the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. However, the expansion of its sowing areas is constrained by the lack of scientific research, especially on the phytosanitary state. The article presents the results of the study of fungi of the Alternaria and Fusarium genus isolated from the affected organs of spring camelina plants and provides measures to control them in the field conditions of the region. The research aimed to identify common diseases and determine their development and distribution under different backgrounds when treated with fungicides. To identify fungal strains, the method of determination of the direct nucleotide sequence of the intergenic transcribed region was used, followed by the determination of nucleotide identity with the sequences deposited in the Gene Bank international database, as well as the construction of phylogenetic trees with nucleotide sequences. As a result of the analysis, phytopathogenic strains belonging to Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium acuminatum were identified. During field studies, the development and spread of diseases under different background conditions of fungicide treatment versus control were analyzed. Of the products used, the Pictor fungicide (active ingredients: Boscalid 200 g/l + dimoxystrobin 200 g/l) showed high efficiency, compared with the Extrasolbiofungicide (Bacillus subtilis, strain H-13). The results of the study can serve as a basis for the development of chemical and biological control methods aimed at specific pathogens.
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