Blockage of AT1 receptor increased strength, mass and trabecular connections of ovariectomized rat femurs. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that drugs, including AT1 receptor blockers, may be used for the treatment of osteoporosis or reduction of its detrimental effects in the future.
Carpal tunnel decompression is one of the most common surgical procedures in hand surgery. Cutaneous innervation of the palm by median and ulnar nerves was evaluated to find a suitable incision preserving cutaneous nerves. A morphometric study was designed to define the safe-zone for mini-open carpal tunnel release. Sixteen fresh-frozen (8 right, 8 left) and 14 formalin-fixed (8 right, 6 left) cadaveric hands were dissected. Anatomy of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median and the ulnar nerve, motor branch of the median nerve, superficial palmar arch were evaluated relative to the surgical incision. We also identified the motor branch of the median nerve. Detailed measurements of the whole palmar region are reported in this study. The motor branch of the median nerve was extraligamentous as 60%, subligamentous as 34%, transligamentous as 6%. The palmar cutaneous branches of the median and the ulnar nerves in the palmar region were classified as Type A (34%), Type B (13%), Type C (13%), Type D (none), Type E (40%) according to forms of palmar cutaneous innervation originating from the ulnar and median nerves. Injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) is the most common complication of the carpal tunnel surgery. Various techniques were described to decrease post-operative morbidity. Based on these anatomic findings mini incision between the superficial palmar arch and the most distal part of the PCBMN in the palmar region is the safe-zone for carpal tunnel surgery.
Most physicians confront the moral and technical challenges of
treating persons who are coming to the natural end of their lives. At
the level of the health system, this issue becomes a more pressing area
for reform as premature death decreases and more people live a full
life span. Well-developed countries and international organizations
such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation of
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have made recommendations
for improving healthcare problems in aging societies. Turkey belongs to
the WHO and the OECD. This article describes end-of-life healthcare in
Turkey, the design of the healthcare system to meet this need, challenges
that should be addressed, and solutions that would be appropriate to
Turkish culture and resources.
This anatomical study, which is aimed at assessing the effect of suprascapular notch type in iatrogenic suprascapular nerve lesions in surgical interventions, was conducted in two stages. A hundred dry scapulas and 20 scapulas of 11 cadavera were classified according to Rengachary. The point of measurement was determined medially as the deepest point of suprascapular notch and laterally as supraglenoid tubercle in dry scapulas and anchor of biceps in cadavera. It was found that in the measurements made in dry scapulas, notch Type-IV scapulas, despite not being statistically significant, had the lowest average (2.35 cm), with minimum and maximum values of 2.1 cm and 2.78 cm respectively, when compared to other scapula types. It was found in the cadavera study that the measurements of one Type-IV scapula and one Type-V scapula were lower than the other types. Determination of the notch type in the rotator-cuff tears--especially in massive and retracted tears where supraspinatus has to be released from the fossa--may be helpful in avoiding iatrogenic nerve lesion.
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