Climate change is making our cities more vulnerable, increasing the needs for further policy actions to make them more resilient. In particular, the transport network is critical in the first phase of disaster response. This study presents the epirical findings of a large scale, nationwide analysis of the road network vulnerability in 69 Japanese cities. We (1) identify the level of network efficiency using topological elements in its undisturbed normal state; (2) evaluate the level of network robustness under different random and targeted attack scenarios; and (3) analyze the relationship of the identified network efficiency and robustness indicators with city-level characteristics. The main findings include: (1) cities with a higher population and a higher infrastructure investment tend to be more robust under random attacks; (2) larger cities tend to be less robust to targeted attacks, presumably due to their high agglomeration of urban functions; (3) car dependency tends to make cities more vulnerable toward random attacks and less vulnerable toward targeted attacks as it indicates a weaker concentration in urban functions; and (4) a high modal share for trains tends to make cities less vulnerable toward random events as it indicates a high agglomeration of urban functions. These findings will help policymakers to prioritize their budget allocations to improve nationwide disaster resilience.
Permasalahan mengenai lindi sampah merupakan salah satu dampak dari timbulan sampah. Timbulan sampah menghasilkan lindi yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi dampak adanya lindi adalah dengan memanfaatkannya menjadi pupuk. Dalam pemanfaatannya menjadi pupuk organik, lindi difermentasikan menggunakan bakteri penambat N, yaitu Azospirillum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengenceran lindi dengan konsentrasi bakteri starter terhadap laju pertumbuhan tanaman pangan yang baik. Variabel yang digunakan adalah pengenceran lindi dan konsentrasi penambahan bakteri starter. Pengenceran yang digunakan yaitu 50x, 75x, 100x, dengan volume sampel sebanyak 10 ml. penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium dengan tanaman uji berupa Sorghum bicolor dan Zea mays. Proses fermentasi pada masing-masing reaktor uji dilakukan selama 14 hari. Analisis dilakukan pada jumlah koloni bakteri, BOD 5 , COD, amonium, nitrat, serta parameter fisik berupa pH dan suhu. Hasil dari penelitian berupa besarnya pertambahan batang dan daun tanaman uji. Pertambahan tinggi batang tanaman yang terbaik adalah penambahan dari pupuk D1 untuk tanaman Sorghum bicolor dan D2 untuk tanaman Zea mays. Kedua pupuk tersebut memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman uji.
Biodegradable plastics are plastics made from renewable sources and are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. To minimize the use of synthetic plastics, research was carried out on the manufacture of biodegradable plastics from glutinous corn starch (Zea maysCeratina) with the addition of chitosan and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). This study aims to see the quality of the biodegradable plastic film of glutinous corn starch with the addition of chitosan and VCO. The quality test carried out is a mechanical test consisting of a water resistance absorption test, a tensilestrength test and an elongation test. FTIR analysis and biodegradability tests were also carried out. The results showed that the water-resistance test results were sample A of 42.86%, sample B of 25% and sample C of 14.29%. To test the tensile strength obtained sample A of 18.1667 MPa, sample B of 0.5171 MPa and sample C of 2.7215 MPa. For the elongation test, sample A was 2.8%, sample B was 3.85%, and sample C was 1.92%. The FTIR analysis results of the three samples showed C-H and O-H groups' presence derived from the constituent materials and the presence of C = O and C-O groups indicating that the hydrogel could be degraded. In the biodegradability test, it is known that the addition of chitosan and VCO during the decomposition of the material because it has anti-microbial properties. The data analysis carried out obtained is the value of Indonesian standard for the tensile strength of sample..
When a disaster occurs, disaster management goes through a number of phases, namely normal, emergency response, adaptation, and recovery. Being able to identify the transition between these phases would be useful for policymakers, for example, in order to shift their focus from meeting the travel needs of affected people during the emergency response phase, to meeting travel needs for adaptation and recovery activities. This study proposes a data-driven method which may be useful for assessing phase transitions for transport management during a disaster. Specifically, we argue that changes in elasticities of travel demand with respect to changes in the transport network can be a useful indicator of phase transition, since they depict changes in consumers’ tastes, i.e., changes in the degree of travel necessity during disaster. Two hypotheses are formulated to investigate the changes in elasticity during a disaster: 1) the elasticity of travel demand is more elastic soon after a disaster as travel becomes a luxury good, and 2) it becomes less elastic afterwards as travel goes back to being a necessity good. To empirically confirm the hypotheses, we develop a multilevel log-log linear model, where the transport network service level information varying over time during a disaster is used as an explanatory variable, and tested mobile phone location and transport network data captured during the heavy rain disaster in Japan in July 2018. We also utilized a change point detection algorithm to identify a structural change that occurred in these elasticities. We confirm that our empirical results support our hypotheses, i.e., in the affected areas, the elasticity was more elastic soon after the disaster, while the elasticity tended to go back to normal around one month later. These results suggest that the proposed method can be useful to judge the phase transition for disaster management.
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