Propolis is a plant-derived substance collected by stingless bee’s product from various sources, including plant resins with combination of bee’s saliva and wax. Propolis has been used to treat several diseases since ancient times and it is an important source of bioactive natural compound and drug derivatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate biological and chemical profiles of ethanolic extracts from propolis produced by Heterotrigona itama (HI), Geniotrigona thoracica (GT), Lepidotrigona terminate (LT), and Tretrigona apicalis (TA). Cytotoxicity activity was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-YI)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay against three cancer cell lines. H. itama extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity effect with of 5 µg/mL, 4 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL for MDA-MB-231, SK-UT-1 and HeLa, respectively. Other species only possessed moderate to weak cytotoxicity effect against tested cells. Phytochemical screening was carried out by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis and visualized by derivatives agents in order to detect the presence of terpenoids, steroids, saponins, essential oils and phenol. It was found that H. itama (HI) possessed the highest antioxidant activity with the lowest of 30 µg/mL with percetange of inhibition at 85.69 % evaluated by (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) DPPH scaveging assay. In conclusion, bee species was considered as important factor in selecting the quality of propolis. It was found that H. itama produced the most active extract compared to other species. The data obtained from this study would be the basis for further investigation on therapeutic application especially for cytotoxic activity, antioxidant and phytochemical screenings for four Malaysian stingless bees of propolis.
Propolis is a gum-like product that collected by bees from plants and it varies in colour range from light yellow to dark brown. The chemical composition of propolis depends on various factors such as vegetation, season and environmental conditions of the sample collection. The aim of the study was to determine the chemical profile and antioxidant properties of crude methanol extract of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis from five localities, namely Besut (BST), Dungun (DGN), Lundang (LDG), Tanah Merah (TM) and Gua Musang (GM). Phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, essential oils and unsaturated and aromatic compounds. The extracts displayed different characteristics of chemical profile that varied from each other. The antioxidant properties of extracts were evaluated based on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity. Propolis from Gua Musang (GM) exhibited the highest total phenolic content with 23.43 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g extract while propolis from Besut (BST) exhibited the highest total flavonoids content with 17.22 ± 0.16 mg QE/g extract and showed the lowest IC50 with 53 µg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging activities. As a result, Geniotrigona thoracica from Besut (BST) could be considered as a good source of antioxidant due to its antioxidant properties.
Heterotrigona itama is one of common stingless bee species in Malaysia. Similar to sting bee, stingless bee also produce honey, propolis and beebread in their hive. Propolis and beebread of Malaysian stingless bee were less explored compared to honey. This work examine nutritional content, antioxidant activity and chemical profiling of honey, propolis and beebread produced by stingless bee species Heterotrigona itama. Nutritional contents such as moisture content, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate were measured. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method; Folin-Ciocalteau method for total phenolic content (TPC) and Aluminium Chloride method for total flavonoid content (TFC). Chemical profiling was carried out by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) in solvent system of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid with ratio 8 : 2 : 0.1 v/v/v. The results revealed that honey possessed the highest moisture content and total carbohydrate with values of 30.67%±1.30 and 65.88%±1.70, respectively. Meanwhile, propolis contained the highest total fat (49.2% ± 5.31) which due to its compositions of wax and resin. Total protein and ash contents were abundant in beebread with values of 30.43%±0.40 and 3.28%±0.13, respectively. The highest total phenolic (70.64%±01.81 µg/mL) and flavonoid contents (31.75%±0.05 µg/mL) were found in propolis. Propolis also possessed the highest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 value of 5 µg/mL as comparable to positive control, Trolox (IC50 value: 3µg/mL). These results revealed that propolis is a good source of antioxidant as compared to honey and beebread. TLC analysis revealed that propolis also contained higher chemical compositions as compared to honey and beebread. This finding shows that stingless bee products have potential in therapeutic as strong natural antioxidant (propolis) and high in their nutritional content (honey and beebread).
Propolis is a mixture of resin collected by the bees to build their hive. These mixtures contain natural remedy and used to treat variety of health-related problems. Unlike honeybee propolis, the study of stingless bee propolis still lacking. The important part of propolis study is the optimization of extraction procedures. The aim for this study is to employ chemometrics on FTIR data in order to discriminate the chemical fingerprinting of Malaysian stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama propolis yielded from different extraction methods, which were maceration, sonication and soxhlet. The chemical fingerprinting was obtained through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied as pattern recognition methods for FTIR spectra. PCA of FTIR data for different extraction methods of stingless bee’s propolis revealed that variability of PC1 and PC2 is 84.76%. PCA’s variation in propolis by different extraction methods was classified based on specific functional groups arisen from the peaks. The FTIR fingerprinting of HCA of stingless bee’s propolis were distributed into three clusters based on percentages of ethanol, intensity of peaks and different fingerprint region. FTIR coupled with chemometric analysis showed classification of different extraction methods of propolis from PCA and HCA based on vibration of functional groups presence in the samples. Taken together, these results showed that different extraction methods play important role in detaining of chemical in propolis of stingless bee.
Propolis is a natural substance produced by the bees to protect their hive. The present work reports the utilization of chemical profiling and fingerprinting combined with multivariate analysis for discrimination of the geographical origin of Malaysian stingless bee propolis. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has been performed to profile the chemical composition of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis from different localities in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia namely Besut, Terengganu (BST), Dungun, Terengganu (DGN), Lundang, Kelantan (LDG), Tanah Merah, Kelantan (TM) and Gua Musang, Kelantan (GM). The obtained HPTLC profiles showed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and terpenoids in propolis. The chemical fingerprinting was obtained through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Chemometric analysis on FTIR dataset using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) have classified the propolis into three major groups according to their sampling locations. Chemical fingerprinting analysis on the functional group via FTIR and chemometric revealed that the locations of propolis have direct correlation with the chemical composition, thus affecting the biological activities of propolis. Both chemical marker and chemical fingerprinting analysis are important tools in propolis standardization.
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