Biokinetic parameters help to describe the rate of substrate utilization and biomass production or growth by microbial action, which is important to the design process and performance optimization of wastewater treatment. Although studies of the biokinetic parameters of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems have been increasing lately, the significance for each value in terms of maximum specific growth rate (μmax), substrate concentration at one-half of the maximum specific growth rate (KS), and cell yield (Y) in relation to the applied operating conditions are rarely discussed. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship and significance between the above-stated biokinetic parameters with organic loading rate (OLR) and reactor height/diameter (H/D) ratio from five different batches of AGS treated sewage, using the independent t-test. The biokinetic parameters are summarized as biomass production (Y and μmax
) and relied upon the relative increase in the OLR and reactor H/D ratios. Additionally, aerobic granules developed in reactors with a high H/D ratio have a shorter setup time and are more active in contrast with low H/D ratio reactors.
Currently, research trends on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) have integrated the operating conditions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) towards the stability of AGS systems in various types of wastewater with different physical and biochemical characteristics. More attention is given to the stability of the AGS system for real site applications. Although recent studies have reported comprehensively the mechanism of AGS formation and stability in relation to other intermolecular interactions such as microbial distribution, shock loading and toxicity, standard operating condition control strategy for different types of wastewater have not yet been discussed. Thus, the dimensional multi-layer structural model of AGS is discussed comprehensively in the first part of this review paper, focusing on diameter size, thickness variability of each layer and diffusion factor. This can assist in facilitating the interrelation between disposition and stability of AGS structure to correspond to the changes in wastewater types, which is the main objective and novelty of this review.
Advances in concrete material research has introduced to development the new class of concrete which is known as Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Due to the most exceedingly awful on nature coarse aggregate quality, UHPC was delivered to success in concrete. This study investigated the effect of differentsand gradation (63-300μm, 300-600μm, 600-1180μm, and normal sand) on compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of UHPC. The rheology of UHPC mixtures was determined by flow test conducted according to ASTM C1611 and the compression testwas performed to measure concrete compression strength at 7 and 28 days according to BS 1881-116 (1983). To determine the quality of concrete, UPV test were conducted according to BS 1881 part 201 (1986).From the experimental results, the results indicated that sand grading with 600-1180μm obtained the highest in compressive strength and UPV.The compressive strength at 28 days achieved 100 MPawith direct transmission of UPV 4.5% higher than semi direct.
Various article which indicating the Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) instability, particularly in prolonged phase operating duration become a significant obstacle to its implementation. Generally, prolonged the operation period will lost its stability that can degrade performance effectiveness. As AGS stabilization in hydrodynamic shear force and resisting mass transfer resistance within the reactor generally defined or evaluated by microbial community, bioactivity, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) structure and granular aspect. The aim of this research in order to illustrate the EPS formation on AGS which is preserved at 4°C in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) by sewage for eight months. The effective of granulation method and redevelopment of AGS stability by particular pressure produced with several hydrodynamic shear force and mass transfer resistance which controlled by low organic loading rate (OLR) between 0.26 and 0.81 kg CODs/m3 d with 1.33 cm/s of superficial air velocity (SAV). The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) were implemented to notice the evolution in composition of EPS that revealed the intermolecular interaction helped the aerobic granule stability as seed to achieved the performance of EPS on stability of AGS.
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