Islamic banks are required to ensure their operations and activities comply with the Shariah principles. According to Islamic Financial Services Act (2013) in Malaysia, all operations and activities of Islamic financial institutions including Islamic banks have to comply with decisions made by the Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) and the Shariah Committee (SC) of the Islamic financial institution to ensure Shariah compliance. In practice, Shariah compliance is considered a crucial factor by bank stakeholders, especially Muslim customers in their decision to use Islamic financial products. Thus, one of the ways for Islamic banks to convey their Shariah-compliance to their stakeholders is through annual reports. This study examines the level of compliance on Shariah disclosure in the annual reports of Malaysian Islamic banks. A Shariah disclosure index, comprising mandatory and voluntary items, was developed from Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) guidelines and Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standards. Shariah disclosure data were collected from the annual reports for the year 2016 of the 16 Islamic banks in Malaysia. Based on Institutional Theory, this study hypothesised high compliance, however the results revealed that none of the banks had full compliance to the mandatory items. Nevertheless, some of these banks disclosed voluntary items. The findings provide useful insights to the regulators and stakeholders on Islamic banks’ compliance on Shariah disclosure. The study also reveals the importance of disclosing additional items in the annual reports of Islamic banks.
This study aims to examine the factors of dysfunctional behaviour among auditors in Malaysia. Factor analysis was employed to analyse three factors (1) demographic factors (a type of firm and period of audit experience), (2) Occupational stress (time budget pressure and complexity of audit task) and (3) Job Satisfaction that affects dysfunctional audit behaviour which is reduced audit quality and underreporting time. A questionnaire was distributed among 223 respondents employed by the Big 4 and non-Big 4 audit firms located in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. The findings revealed that all the tested variables have a significant influence towards reduced audit quality, whereas underreporting time show a non-significant relationship with demographic factors. The findings are anticipated to provide beneficial insights not only to audit practitioners but to many other regulators, professional bodies, policy makers, practitioners and academics that are relevant to their future decisions. This study is also subject to limitations that serve as consideration for future research. Keywords: Dysfunctional Audit Behaviour; Audit Behaviour Factors; Fraud Detection; Audit Quality eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3886
Internal auditors have found it difficult to exercise independence when management interferes with their work. This is because they are part of and work for the organisation. This study investigated the relationships between professional scepticism, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and commitment to independence. Data were collected using questionnaires. 77 out of 325 questionnaires were returned from heads of in-house internal auditors of Malaysian listed companies. Multiple regression analysis was utilised to determine the link between the independent and dependent variables. After testing the three hypotheses, the findings indicate that professional scepticism and self-efficacy significantly impact commitment to independence, whereas job satisfaction has no significant impact on them. These associations suggested that the internal auditor is more committed to independence when professional scepticism and self-efficacy are higher. By demonstrating the link between professional scepticism, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and Malaysian internal auditors' commitment to independence, this study considerably adds to the body of knowledge on internal auditing and management.
Research aim: The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of a gap in perception between Shariah practitioners and customers of Islamic banks on the importance of Shariah disclosure by Islamic banks. Design/ Methodology: Questionnaires were distributed to Shariah practitioners, consisting of Shariah committee members and Shariah officers, and Islamic banks’ customers who were lecturers and final year accounting students. The concept of expectation gap derived from the auditing literature was extended and applied to this study’s context. A total of 64 and 200 questionnaires were distributed to Shariah practitioners and customers of Islamic banks, respectively. The response rates were 41% for Shariah practitioners and 65% for Islamic banks’ customers. Research findings: The results indicate that Shariah practitioners and customers perceive all Shariah disclosure items as important to be disclosed. However, a few significant differences were noted between both groups, suggesting the existence of an expectation gap, albeit minimal. Only a minimal gap between the selected customers and practitioners may be reasonable, as the group of customers consisted of informed customers. Theoretical contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to knowledge as there is a dearth of literature that determines customers’ perceptions of Shariah disclosure. Practitioner/ Policy Implications: The results provide regulators and Islamic banks with valuable insight into the importance of Shariah disclosure items from the points of view of customers and Shariah practitioners on which items they concur as important and which items they differ in opinion. Limitation/ Implication: This study is an initial effort to examine the expectation gap between knowledgeable customers and Shariah practitioners on the Shariah disclosure made by Islamic banks. The customers are respondents from only one university; hence, there is a limitation concerning the generalisability of the findings. Thus, future research could extend such an investigation to other customers in order to enhance generalizability.
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