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SummaryThe need to capture primary production in order to sustain and improve economic livelihoods has lead to increasing conversion of natural habitat and intensification of agricultural practices in many parts of the world including most tropical regions. Understanding how these processes affect ecosystems and their functioning, in particular in the high-diversity ecosystems of the tropics, has become a key issue in ecological research. In this chapter, our focus is on the agriculture-forest landscapes of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, an island widely known for its endemic yet still poorly known flora and fauna. The rise of the region to one of the largest cacao producing areas in the world is at the core of recent land-use change and intensification processes. Covering plants (trees, rattan palms, herbs, bryophytes) and several invertebrate (ants, dung beetles, cacao insect herbivores, fruit-feeding butterflies, parasitic Hymenoptera, spiders) and vertebrate groups (amphibians, birds, murids, reptiles), we give an in-depth overview of the determinants of biodiversity in cacao landscapes, including both management and landscape-scale variables into our analyses. Results show that shaded agroforests host a rich community of species. By adopting a large-scale study design we showed that proximity of natural forest is a key predictor for species richness of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates alike. Endemics and forest specialists benefit most from indigenous shade tree cover and proximity to natural forest. Importantly, several functionally important groups such as insectivorous and seed-dispersing birds benefit from tall shade trees, shade tree diversity and proximity to forest edge, while parasitoid diversity is greatest close to natural forests. Available data on the effects of landuse change in cacao landscape of Central Sulawesi is increasing. Change in landscape configuration and management practices are being clearly reflected in the composition of species communities, with likely impacts on ecosystem services such as pest control and pollination. More knowledge is needed especially in terms of species interactions and ecosystem functioning, but also on how existing knowledge can contribute to effective conservation in human-dominated landscapes outside protected areas.

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InTRoduCTIonGradstein et al. (2005) published a first catalogue of the bryophytes of Sulawesi and listed 476 species, including 340 mosses (Bryophyta s.str.), 134 liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and 2 hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). These numbers were significantly lower than those recorded from other major Malesian islands and suggested that Sulawesi is less well collected than the other islands.Since the appearance of the catalogue, considerable additional collecting was done in Central Sulawesi, in Lore Lindu National Park and surrounding areas in the framework of the 'STORMA' project of the universities of Palu (Sulawesi), Bogor (Java) and Göttingen (Germany) funded by the German Research Foundation (e.g., Tscharntke et al. 2007; www.storma.de). Some new liverwort records based on these collections were published by Ariyanti & Gradstein (2007). In addition, new bryophyte reports for Sulawesi were published by Eggers (2006).In this paper we present a synthesis of the species of bryophytes recorded as new to Sulawesi since the appearance of the catalogue. The list (Appendix) includes 177 species (61 mosses, 115 liverworts, 1 hornwort), raising the total number of bryophyte species recorded from Sulawesi to 653. Especially noteworthy is the large number of liverworts new to Sulawesi, which almost doubles the total number of liverwort species recorded (from 134 to 249). Vouchers of the new records are kept in BIOT, BO, CEB and/or GOET unless otherwise indicated.The new figures indicate that Sulawesi has about half the number of bryophyte species recorded from the Philippines and Borneo, and about 1/3 that of New Guinea. Only five bryophyte species or less than 1 % of the total bryophyte flora are endemic to Sulawesi (Gradstein et al. 2005)

Abstract. Mahyuni R, Chikmawati T, Ariyanti NS. 2019. Short Communication: Two new species and new record of  Psydrax Gaertn. (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae) in Borneo. Biodiversitas 20: 2011-2015. Psydrax sabahensis Mahyuni and P. wongii Mahyuni are two new species endemic to Borneo proposed in this present study with descriptions, illustrations and map of distribution provided. Psydrax sabahensis has blades ovate to elliptic, with angle 60º to the midrib, tertiary venation conspicuous on both side, petiole length 10-13 mm long, inflorescence sub-umbellate and pedicels 23-27 mm long. Psydrax wongii has blade elliptic, with angle 45º to midrib, apex acuminate to caudate, secondary veins 3-4 pairs, tertiary venation inconspicuous on upper side and slightly wrinkled on lower surface. The presence of P. maingayi (Hook.f.) Bridson in Borneo, previously thought to be a Malay Peninsula endemic species, is also confirmed as a new record.