Waste cooking oils are an agro-food waste with adverse effects on the health of living organisms and the environment. The main objective of this work is to valorize waste cooking oil for the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of biodiesel. The method used is based on the transesterification reaction of the oils using methanol and a basic homogeneous catalyst. In this study we employ waste from refined palm oil used for frying doughnuts. After optimization a reaction time of 2 hours, KOH catalyst, and a molar ratio of 9:1 were selected to obtain a good quality biodiesel. Physicochemical characterization was performed on the biodiesel to obtain its density, viscosity, calorific value, acid number, saponification index and IR spectral features. The analysis shows that the biodiesel obtained after transesterification has physicochemical characteristics similar to those of diesel and is consistent with American standards.
The production of biogas is a heathy way to convert biomass like seed cakes into energy. But before that, oil seeds like jatropha curcas are treated in some conditions in other to get oil first, and cakes after. And different levels of those conditions that are seed type, preheat temperature and extraction pressure can give different results on biogas production using those cakes. That is why in this study, biogas characteristics of cake, from three types of jatropha seeds (whole, kernels and crushed) preheated at four levels of temperature (25°C, 50°C, 75°C and 100°C) and submitted at three extraction pressures (181.81 bar, 324.66 bar and 422.06 bar), were assessed. It consisted in mixing 5 ml solid mixture (2.5 ml of cake sample and 2,5 ml cow dung) to the buffer solution (NH 4 Cl, 100; NaCl, 10; MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O, 10; CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 5) at 1:1 ratio. The mixture was introduced in a reactor of 16 ml volume and then incubated in an electric oven at 37°C for 60 days. The measure of gas volume of each sample was done using the adapted method of displaced liquid. The gas calorific value estimation of each sample was theoretically done, using Buswell equation. And, the gas energy was obtained for each sample, using its gas volume and calorific value. The main results were as follows. The highest volume of biogas (8 ml / g) and highest energy (2485.85 J) were registered with whole seed cake at preheated temperature/extraction pressure couple of 100°C-324.66 bar. The highest calorific value (701.43 KJ/mol) was obtained with the whole seed cake at preheated temperature/extraction/ pressure couple of 100°C-422.06 bars. The main conclusion that can be made is that, there is an effect of oil extraction conditions on the anaerobic fermentation of jatropha curcas seed cakes.
The Low heating value, reaction time, burning temperature and gas emission of jatropha seed cake respectively from whole, kernel and crushed seeds preheated at 25°, 50°, 75° and 100°C temperature and under 8400, 15000 and 19500 pounds pressure levels were assessed. At this effect, the combustion process consisted in introducing 20 g of each cake sample type into a one liter volume burning chamber and 130 g of water also into one liter water compartment of a designed combustion unit. The main results were as follow. The highest lower Heating value (21,51±93,64 MJ/kg) was obtained with the cake from crushed seeds preheated at 100°C and under of 15000 pounds pressure. The highest reaction time (1072,66±153,44 seconds) was registered with cake from kernel seeds also preheated at 100°C but with 19500 pounds pressure. The highest burning temperature was recorded from the whole jatropha seed cake. The highest carbon monoxide level () was recorded during crushed and whole seeds cake combustion while the carbon dioxide level was the highest with the kernel seed cake.
The pyrolysis characteristics of cake from whole, kernels and crushed jatropha seed (Charcoal yield, fixed Carbone content, mineral matter) were assessed. The pyrolysis process consisted in introducing into an oven, at 300°C for 15 minutes, a 25 ml ceramic crucible containing 5 g of cake (2% water content) coated in pre-weighed aluminum foil. The main results were as follow. The highest charcoal yield (75,76±1,53%) was obtained with cake from crushed seeds preheated at 100°C associated to the extraction pressure of 15000 pounds. The highest fixed Carbone (18,64%) was registered with biochar from kernels cake obtained at the preheating temperature/extraction pressure couple of 25°C-15000 Pounds. The highest mineral matter content (Mg, Ca, P and K) are recorded in charcoal from the kernel cake pyrolysis. Seed form significantly affected the cake yield and biochar yield. The pH of jatropha biochar (7,5-10) are alkaline which can be useful for acid soil fertilization in Cameroon.
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