In many countries, energy diplomacy is usually carried out by the national government as the primary unit, through bilateral or multilateral agreements. However, it seems that Surabaya and Kitakyushu’s cities have carried out intensive cooperation in the energy sector since the 2010s. This condition shows that the implementation of energy diplomacy has also been conducted at the substate level. Even though it focuses on the active role of the two cities, the meaning of energy diplomacy has not disappeared, but instead, it has expanded. This paper analyzes the City of Surabaya, Indonesia, approaches toward the City of Kitakyushu, Japan, in developing the energy sector, especially to strive for an energy-efficient city planning system in Surabaya. This paper’s analytical framework is based on energy diplomacy and diplomacy by sub-national actors in international relations. The finding of this study is that the diplomacy carried out by the City of Surabaya toward Kitakyushu is classified as a practice of energy diplomacy. The diplomacy is carried out through a sister city approach.
This paper discusses the obstacles in Icelandic-Indonesian cooperation related to geothermal development in Indonesia in 2007 - 2014. In the cooperation process that prioritizes geothermal energy use in Indonesia, the interaction between Iceland and Indonesia has not shown significant implementation results, mainly technical geothermal energy exploration. This cooperation has been going on for seven years. The concept of Barriers to International Cooperation developed by Lauri Siitonen, which is a derivative of the idea from Theories of International Cooperation, is used to analyze existing obstacles. This concept explains why cooperation and obstacles can occur due to the interactions of the actors involved. In this case, each country's national interests, which become the foundation for interactions in the international system, can create political policies that often ignore bilateral cooperation objectives. This research is based on primary data and secondary data with descriptive-analytical methods. This paper's conclusion shows that political and policy factors and technical factors are significant in hindering this cooperation.
India has been acknowledged as the pharmacy of the world because of its developed pharmaceutical industries which produce many kinds of medicine for any diseases. However, this condition does not make the government close the opportunities for foreign manufactures to sell their products for the citizens. One of the foreign industries is the Switzerland’s company, named Novartis AG, selling Gleevec, a leukemia-treating drug. In 2013, Novartis AG proposed to renew the patent of Gleevec because it has been updated from the last version of 1995, but Indian government rejected the patent rights of Gleevec based on the fact that the new Gleevec did not show any significant change for leukemia treatment. Based on the phenomenon, this paper examines about the dynamic of governing the global health with India as the case study. There are three perspectives that are used, those are: rejectionism, transnationalism and institutionalism. Each of the perspective focuses on the three discussions. It begins with the first part which explains the object that was being governed. The second part talks about the parties that have roles to govern. The third partelaborates on how those different parties governed the provision of the medicine production and distribution as the part of global health issue
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged along with the growing role of corporations in global development. One of the largest forms of PPP today is the UN Global Compact. The UN Global Compact involves of companies, NGOs, IGOs and state governments. All of them are trying to realize globalization with a more humanist face with attention to the protection of human rights, environment, labor standards and anticorruption. Engaging private actors in global governance, The UN Global Compact raises many issues such as power, authority, and legitimacy. The effort to tackle it all is to increase PPP accountability. This research seeks to describe what efforts can be made to enhance private accountability within the international regime. The research undertaken is a descriptive study, focuses on public-private partnerships in the UN Global Compact regime. The study found that there were two attempts that could be done. First, by involving the stakeholders in the development of procedures, mechanisms, reporting and monitoring associated with trying to improve the company's reputation. Second, by looking at corporate relations as agent and UN Global Compact as principal in principal-agent relation in the international regime. Keywords
This article analyzes the role of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) through the Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Phase-Out Management Plan (HPMP) Program which encourage Indonesia to implement regulations at the ministerial level that aim to undertake ozone layer protection and the phasing-out of the substances that deplete the ozone layer in Indonesia. This shows the role of international organization to shape national regulation in member states. In analyzing these problems, researchers used the framework of the international norm diffusion, specifically the conditions on economic assistance and the interaction with transnational actors, also the State Socialization. This study uses qualitative methods that emphasize non-numeric data and by conducting studies in previous studies. The conclusion of this research is that the UNDP through the HPMP Program has played a role in establishing national regulations related to Ozone Layer Protection and the phasing out of the substances that deplete the ozone layer which is regulated in Minister of Industry Regulation Number: 41/M-Ind/Per/5/2014 and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number: 55/M-Dag/Per/ 9/2014.
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