Vegetables that do not sell and rotten will be thrown away. This makes the volume of waste increases every day. Vegetable waste that is no longer being sold, could reprocessed into useful products and selling value. The purpose of this research is to use vegetable waste to become bioethanol raw material, which have economic value. The selected vegetable waste was from potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cassava, chicory, and green mustard, because they have higher carbohydrate content than other vegetable waste. The bioethanol product produced will be measured by its bioethanol content and fermentation time. These two factors, affect the quality of the bioethanol produced. The microorganism used in this study was Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These microorganisms are in bread yeast and tape yeast, which are also examined for their effectiveness in the production of this vegetable waste bioethanol. From this study, producing bioethanol with the highest ethanol content of 15% v / v, produced in the interaction of bread yeast and 6 days’ fermentation time. Meanwhile, from the production using yeast tape, obtained ethanol levels of 13% v / v. Bioethanol from vegetable waste is not only to reduce the burden of waste generation, but can be used as an alternative energy to replace fuel.
Pollution of Surabaya River from year to year is increasing, the increase in pollution is the main problem of Surabaya River which is caused by the entry of most of the liquid waste from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. Continuous pollution can reduce water quality for rivers and creeks. One solution that can be applied to reduce the level of pollution is by calculating the capacity of pollution loads. This research was conducted to find out the quality of Kali Surabaya and tributaries of Surabaya River and the calculation of pollution load capacity with the QUAL2KW model. The study analysed the parameters of DO, BOD, COD, and phosphate. From the results of the study, the water quality values for Surabaya river and its branch were above the Class I quality standard Government Regulation Number 82 of 2010 and from the calculation results obtained the maximum capacity values BOD load were 23-1355 kg/day, and COD load were 23-6830 kg/days, while phosphate load were 2,5-125 kg/day.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memetakan Kali Surabaya dengan menggunakan model WinTWINS 2.3. Selain itu juga menentukan indeks biota Family Biotic Index (FBI) dan Lincoln Quality Index (LQI) manakah yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kualitas air Kali Surabaya. Stasiun penelitian berdasarkan tata guna lahan di sekitar lingkungan perairan di tiap bagian Kali Surabaya (hulu, tengah, hilir). Untuk menentukan indeks biota yang sesuai maka dilakukan uji korelasi masing – masing indeks biota terhadap parameter fisika kimia di Kali Surabaya. Indeks biota yang memiliki hasil terbaik akan dikaitkan dengan hasil pemetaan model WinTWINS 2.3 untuk dilihat kesesuaiannya. Dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan model WinTWINS 2.3, didapatkan Kali Surabaya dari hulu hingga hilir, dipetakan menjadi 3 site of group (SOG) A, B, C. Pada SOG A, yaitu di Sp I dan Sp II, termasuk dalam kategori kualitas air baik. Pada SOG B (Sp III, Sp V, Sp VI) termasuk dalam kategori buruk. Pada SOG C (Sp IV) termasuk dalam kategori cukup buruk. Makroinvertebrata benthos yang ditemukan di tiap SOG pun berbeda tergantung toleransinya terhadap lingkungan, beberapa diantaranya dari jenis polymitarcydae, baetidae, odonata.
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