Objective: The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018 indicates that Indonesian children are still among the shortest in the world. When referred to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS), the prevalence of stunting reaches up to 43% in several Indonesian districts. Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) were established in order to better distinguish between healthy short children and children with growth disorders. We analyzed height and weight measurements of healthy Indonesian children using INGRC and WHOCGS. Methods: 6972 boys and 5800 girls (n=12,772), aged 0-59 months old, from Bandung District were measured. Z-scores of length/height and body mass index were calculated based on INGRC and WHOCGS. Results: Under 5-year-old Indonesian children raised in Bandung are short and slim. Mean height z-scores of boys is -2.03 [standard deviation (SD) 1.31], mean height z-scores of girls is -2.03 (SD 1.31) when referred to WHOCGS indicating that over 50% of these children are stunted. Bandung children are heterogeneous, with substantial subpopulations of tall children. Depending on the growth reference used, between 9% and 15% of them are wasted. Wasted children are on average half a SD taller than their peers. Conclusion: WHOCGS seriously overestimates the true prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesian children. The present investigation fails to support evidence of undernutrition at a prevalence similar to the over 50% prevalence of stunting (WHOCGS) versus 13.3% (INGRC). We suggest refraining from using WHOCGS, and instead applying INGRC that closely mirror height and weight increments in Bandung children. INGRC appear superior for practical and clinical purposes, such as detecting growth and developmental disorders.
The most fundamental characteristics of a child are growth and development. Under normal circumstances growth follows a pattern that can be predicted. As a pediatrician we have to distinguish between normal and abnormal growth and recognize a normal variation from a pathological condition. Thorough height measurements performed every 6 months and plotted on the reference growth curve is the simplest and low-cost tool to detect an abnormal growth. Simple guideline is proposed to manage a child with short stature.
Latar belakang. Hipotiroid kongenital (HK) adalah kondisi kekurangan hormon tiroid, tiroksin, dan tri-iodotironina sejak lahir yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan organogenesis sistem saraf pusat serta metabolisme tubuh. Penderita HK yang tidak diterapi dapat berlanjut menjadi individu dengan gangguan perkembangan. Data di Indonesia dari Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia (IDAI) sejak tahun 2000-2013, angka kejadian HK pada bayi baru lahir sebanyak 1:2736. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan awitan pengobatan dengan gangguan perkembangan pada anak dengan HK.Metode. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang yang dilakukan periode bulan Agustus–November 2018. Subjek HK datang kontrol ke klinik rawat jalan endokrin dan tumbuh kembang RS. Hasan Sadikin, berusia <36 bulan dan mendapat terapi levotiroksin, dilakukan penilaian perkembangan dengan pemeriksaan Denver dan CAT/ CLAMS (cognitive adaptive test/ clinical linguistic auditory milestone scale). Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-kuadrat dan Mann Whitney (p<0,05). Hasil. Terdapat 92 kasus HK, 12 dieksklusi, subjek terdiri dari 38 laki-laki dan 42 perempuan dengan rerata usia diagnosis 3,0 bulan (0,5–22,0 bulan). Didapatkan adanya hubungan usia saat diagnosis dan awitan pengobatan dengan gangguan perkembangan (p<0,001). Usia saat diagnosis dan awitan pengobatan >3 bulan lebih banyak mengalami gangguan perkembangannya.Kesimpulan. Pasien HK yang terlambat didiagnosis dan diberikan terapi akan mengalami gangguan perkembangan yang lebih banyak.
Background: Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of part of or the entire X chromosome in a woman, resulting in short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and congenital anomaly. Based on karyotype, Turner syndrome is categorized as classical (45XO) and mosaic. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation of the karyotype with the puberty stage, volume of the uterus, and ovary in Turner syndrome’s adolescent with estrogen therapy. Methods: Analytic correlative cross-sectional study was done in Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital since July to December 2018. Pubertal staging based on Tanner stage, uterine, and ovary volume were measured by transrectal sonography. Results: Of 21 study subjects, 8 were having classical karyotype and 13 were having mosaic karyotype in 12–21-year-old subjects. There was a significant correlation between karyotype and Tanner M stage (mammae stage) (p = 0.035). Breasts development in Turner syndrome with mosaic karyotype showed better development compared to classic karyotype. No significant correlation was found between karyotype and uterine and ovary volume in sonography transrectally. Conclusion: Karyotype correlates to mammae stage of Tanner but not in uterine and ovary volume in adolescents with Turner syndrome who underwent estrogen therapy.
Background Nephrotic syndrome causes loss of medium-sized plasma proteins and binding proteins, resulting in thyroid hormone deficiency. Objective To assess for potential correlations between subclinical hypothyroidism in pediatric nephrotic syndrome with albumin, globulin, and proteinuria. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java. All types of nephrotic syndrome patients aged 1 month to < 18 years were included. Blood and urine specimens were collected from the patients for albumin, globulin, thyroid function (T3, fT4 and TSH), and proteinuria tests and analyzed with standard techniques. Results There were 26 subjects, 20 males and 6 females. Ten subjects developed subclinical hypothyroidism, with mean albumin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 0.92 g/dL and 6.9 mIU/L, respectively. There was a negative correlation between albumin level and subclinical hypothyroidism (rpb=-0.702; P<0.001) and a positive correlation between proteinuria and subclinical hypothyroidism (r=0.573; P=0.003). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that globulin had no impact on the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism, but albumin and proteinuria did have such an impact. The odds ratios of albumin and proteinuria with subclinical hypothyroidism were 27.00 (95%CI 1.69 to 17.7) and 19.80 (95%CI 1.94 to 201.63), respectively. Conclusion Subclinical hypothyroidism correlates with serum albumin level and proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome patients. Tha low serum albumin level has a high likelihood of subclinical hypothyroidism.
Background Nephrotic syndrome causes loss of medium-sized plasma proteins and binding proteins, resulting in thyroid hormone deficiency. Objective To assess for potential correlations between subclinical hypothyroidism in pediatric nephrotic syndrome with albumin, globulin, and proteinuria. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java. All types of nephrotic syndrome patients aged 1 month to < 18 years were included. Blood and urine specimens were collected from the patients for albumin, globulin, thyroid function (T3, fT4 and TSH), and proteinuria tests and analyzed with standard techniques. Results There were 26 subjects, 20 males and 6 females. Ten subjects developed subclinical hypothyroidism, with mean albumin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 0.92 g/dL and 6.9 mIU/L, respectively. There was a negative correlation between albumin level and subclinical hypothyroidism (rpb=-0.702; P<0.001) and a positive correlation between proteinuria and subclinical hypothyroidism (r=0.573; P=0.003). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that globulin had no impact on the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism, but albumin and proteinuria did have such an impact. The odds ratios of albumin and proteinuria with subclinical hypothyroidism were 27.00 (95%CI 1.69 to 17.7) and 19.80 (95%CI 1.94 to 201.63), respectively. Conclusion Subclinical hypothyroidism correlates with serum albumin level and proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome patients. Tha low serum albumin level has a high likelihood of subclinical hypothyroidism.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.