A systematic review of literature on emotion regulation is carried out with the aim to identify, analyze and compare the commonly used emotion regulatory strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) in individualistic and collectivistic cultures including Pakistan and to study outcomes of different emotion regulation strategies in culture specific context. A systematic search has been conducted for required articles which have been published between 1990 and 2015. Only those studies have been included in the review which reported either cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression in their findings. Review indicates that individualistic cultures prefer emotional expression to regulate emotions while collectivistic cultures, such as in Pakistan, focus more on expressive suppression. Emotional suppression can cause mental disease, physiological illness, and poor social and psychological adjustment. To sum up, culture predicts whether individuals are motivated to express or suppress their emotions. Collectivist culture encourages greatest control on emotion expression

The present study was conducted to explore the relationship between resilience self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of doctors working in critical and non-critical care units of patients. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be positive relationship between resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional wellbeing of doctors and resilience, self-compassion and mindfulness are likely to be positive predictors of emotional well-being of doctors working in critical care and non critical care units of patients. Further it was also hypothesized that there are likely to be gender differences in resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of doctors. Data was collected from doctors (n = 100) with age range of 25 to 55 (M = 28.27, SD = 5.88) using convenient sampling technique. The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008); Self-compassion Scale (Neff, 2003); Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown and Ryan, 2003); and Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences (SPANE, Diener et al., 2009) were used to collect data. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant correlation between resilience, self-compassion, mindfulness and emotional well-being of both groups of doctors. Regression analysis revealed that self-compassion was only significant predictor of emotional well-being. Moreover, significant gender differences were found on emotional well-being. Nevertheless, resilience, self-compassion and mindfulness abilities are alike in male and female doctors.

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The study aimed to develop a culturally relevant scale to assess the perceived inter-parental conflicts in adolescents by using a mixed-method approach. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 10 adolescents of age range 14-18 years were conducted along with 3 focus groups of parents and teachers that helped to generate a pool of 88 items. Construct validity and psychometric properties were determined on a sample of 500 adolescent with age range 14-18 years (M = 15.28, SD = 1.07). Principal axis factoring through direct oblimin rotation method postulated 60 items with six distinct factors (named as overt conflicts, familial conflicts, conflicts related emotional reactivity, financial conflicts, child related conflicts, and psychological conflicts) that accounted for 38% variance. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for total scale was .94 and ranged from .63 to .92 for six emerged factors. The convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was also satisfactory. Perceived Inter-Parental Conflict Scale for Adolescents (PIPCSA) was a reliable and valid measure to assess perceived inter-parental conflicts in adolescents.