Background: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem associated with large mortality. The burden of tuberculosis is particularly high for the African region, mainly due to the high prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. While several studies have focused on the immunological responses of human host to HIV seropositive tuberculosis infection, this study aims to determine the immunological responses (CD4+ and leucocyte cell counts) of human host to HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study design for population that consisted of 100 study subjects who presented with HIV seronegative tuberculosis infection at diagnosis as well as 40 apparently healthy volunteers who were HIV and tuberculosis negative as control in Central Hospital, Benin City. Results: The result indicated a statistically significant CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis. Lymphocyte count was not statistically significant despite lymphocytopaenia observed in 28% of the study subjects. It was observed that 25 (96.2%) of leucocytosis, 19 (100%) of neutrophilia, 26 (92.9%) of lymphocytopaenia and 26 (92.9%) of monocytosis were patients having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia. The feminine gender had the highest prevalence rate of CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis. Furthermore, disease severity, age and gender seemed to play important role in determining the cellular immunity of tuberculosis patients. Conclusion: CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis were statistically significant in the study. Interestingly, females appear to be more prone to having CD4+ lymphocytopaenia, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and monocytosis while these conditions could be occurring in ascending order of age groups.
Objective: Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) causes genital ulcer disease and has been hypothesized to cause increase in inflammatory markers that contribute to atherogenic process. This study aimed to determine the cellular immune status and levels of systemic inflammatory markers in HSV-2 sero-positive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Central Hospital, Warri, Nigeria. Method: This study included three hundred and sixteen (316) pregnant women. The sero-prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type-2 was determined using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay while levels of cellular immune status (CD 4 + ) and inflammation markers (C-reactive protein, total leukocyte count, total lymphocyte count, plasma viscosity) were determined using standard procedures. Result: The prevalence of HSV-2 was 192 (60.8%). Mean C-reactive protein and lymphocyte concentration were significantly higher in HSV-2 sero-positive subjects than in sero-negative counterpart (15.63 vs. 11.02, p< 0.001) and (41.90 vs. 33.71, p< 0.001) respectively, but CD 4 + count did not differ in both subject group ((1114.39 vs. 988.21, 95% C.I 55.493, 196.86, P=0.076). Also the levels of total white cell count and plasma viscosity were not significantly different in HSV-2 sero-positive and sero-negative subjects. Conclusion: Increased levels of C-reactive protein and total lymphocyte count were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection. Increased CRP levels are known to contribute to atherogenic process; its routine quantification in patients managed for herpes infection is however advised.
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