In order to investigate the effect of density on Fucus vesjculosus L. at all stages of its development, 2 experiments were carried out. A culture study in the laboratory found that increased density resulted in depressed growth and a negatively skewed population structure during the first month in the lives of freshly settled germlings. Intraspecific competition acts even at this early stage, and the limiting factor was probably nutrients. 'Two-sided' ('resource depletion') competition and an early scramble phase of growth may explain negative skewness in plant sizes. On the shore experimental thinning by reduction of the canopy resulted in increased macrorecruitment (apparent density) from a bank of microscopic plants which must have been present for some time. With increased thinning more macrorecruits loined the remaining plants, making population size structures highly posit~vely skewed. Thinning had no effect on reproduction In terms of the portion of biomass as reproductive tissue. Manipulative weedlng allows an assessment of the potent~al spore bank in seasonally reproductive seaweeds and revealed that there are always replacement plants in reserve to compensate for canopy losses. In E vesiculosus the performance of individuals early on is crucial to their subsequent survival to reproductive stage, as neighbours are generally competitively harmful. However, a failure to 'win' early on may not necessarily result in the ending of a small plant's life -the 'seed' bank still offers the individual a slim chance of survival and protects the population from harmful stochastic events
Open-plan office (OPO) layouts emerged to allow organizations to adapt to changing workplace demands. We explore the potential for OPOs to provide such adaptive capacity to respond to two contemporary issues for organizations: the chronic challenge of environmental sustainability, and the acute challenges emerging from the great COVID-19 homeworking experiment. We apply a socio-technical systems perspective and green ergonomics principles to investigate the relationship between an OPO environment and the occupants working within it. In doing so, we consider the relevant technical and human factors such as green technology and employee green behavior. We also consider how a green OPO might provide non-carbon benefits such as improving occupant wellbeing and supporting the emergence of a green organizational culture. Our investigation highlights several avenues through which an OPO designed with green ergonomic principles could benefit occupants, the organizations they work for, and the natural environment of which they are a part and on which they depend. We find reason to suspect that green OPOs could play an important role in sustainable development; and offer a research agenda to help determine whether in fact OPOs are another example of how going green is good business.
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