BackgroundIn 2006, 4 years of planning was started by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH), to implement the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccination programme. An inter-agency and multi-sectoral collaborations were developed for Malaysia’s HPV school-based immunisation programme. It was approved for nationwide school base implementation for 13-year-old girls or first year secondary students in 2010. This paper examines how the various strategies used in the implementation over the last 7 years (2010–2016) that unique to Malaysia were successful in achieving optimal coverage of the target population.MethodsFree vaccination was offered to school girls in secondary school (year seven) in Malaysia, which is usually at the age of 13 in the index year. All recipients of the HPV vaccine were identified through school enrolments obtained from education departments from each district in Malaysia. A total of 242,638 girls aged between 12 to 13 years studying in year seven were approached during the launch of the program in 2010. Approximately 230,000 girls in secondary schools were offered HPV vaccine per year by 646 school health teams throughout the country from 2010 to 2016.ResultsParental consent for their daughters to receive HPV vaccination at school was very high at 96–98% per year of the programme. Of those who provided consent, over 99% received the first dose each year and 98–99% completed the course per year. Estimated population coverage for the full vaccine course, considering also those not in school, is estimated at 83 to 91% per year. Rates of adverse events reports following HPV vaccination were low at around 2 per 100,000 and the majority was injection site reactions.ConclusionA multisectoral and integrated collaborative structure and process ensured that the Malaysia school-based HPV immunisation programme was successful and sustained through the programme design, planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. This is a critical factor contributing to the success and sustainability of the school-based HPV immunisation programme with very high coverage.

Background: Self-efficacy is defined as his or her belief of their capacity to produce specific performance attainments where represent the ability of positive and negative control over their own motivation, behavior, and social environment. Interventions to increase self-efficacy are a potentially effective way of changing health behavior towards attractive results, however the subject has not been systematically reviewed. This review aims to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and change in good health behaviour. Methods:A comprehensive and extensive search of four bibliographic data bases was conducted for papers reporting health promotion and educational interventions that explicitly targeted self-efficacy in order to change health behaviour in achieving better disease control. Results:Out of 314 studies, 13 were included in the review. Of these, 8 were found to have significant association between self-efficacy and specific health behaviours. However, 5 studies failed to show any significant prediction towards health behavior. Another 6 studies showed either significant mediation effect or indirect relationship of self-efficacy and health behaviours. Conclusions:Self-efficacy appears to be an important psychosocial construct that may directly or indirectly affect health behaviour to control diseases. Self-efficacy may also function as a link between effective health promotion and educational interventions and health behaviour change in disease control.

Background: This study aims to determine the hazard ratio of having any complication from diabetes mellitus, and the associations between comorbidities and risk of having any complications from diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients who have attended government primary care clinics. Methods: Secondary data were retrieved from the Malaysian National Diabetic Registry which included all patients who received care. The data from the study on the socio-demographic, diabetes complications, clinical and treatment characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Cox regression was performed to estimate the hazard ratio for comorbidities, tobacco use, duration of diabetes and socio-demography characteristics upon time to diabetic complications. Results: Adjusted for other covariates, increase number of comorbidities contributed the highest hazard ratio risk: 1 comorbid (aHR:

Introduction: "Doktor Muda" (DM) programme was developed by the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia to train a group of pupils as peer educator for change in motivating and assisting their peers to adopt healthy practices especially in hand washing through good knowledge, positive attitude, high self-efficacy and skill to deliver health messages Aim: This study aims to identify the association of socio demographic, knowledge, attitude, and practices with self-efficacy in proper hand washing. Methods:A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire and observation checklists for hand washing demonstration skills.Result: This study showed that the subjects` knowledge (16.7%), practice (23.8%) and self-efficacy (41.7) in proper hand washing were low. Significant association were found between gender (p=0.004), academic achievements (p=0.038) and practices (p=0.003) with self-efficacy in proper hand washing. Conclusion:Various strategies are needed to strengthen DM role as peer educators and health change agents in school as levels of their knowledge, practice and self-efficacy were low.

Objective: The present review aimed to determine the effect of palm oil versus other oils on changes in body weight or Body Mass Index (BMI). Design: A systematic review was conducted. Studies were identified by database searching (EMBASE, PUBMED, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, PROQUEST, Web of Science [ISI Web of Knowledge], Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Library (CINAHL Plus), LILAC and ClinicalTrials.gov. Searching, selecting and reporting were done according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) Statement. Setting: Palm oil vs other oils intervention study on weight or BMI changes. Subjects: Individuals participating in palm oil vs other oil intervention study. Results: A total of 182 studies were screened for eligibility, five studies were finally included. Three studies compared the effect of palm oil vs sunflower oil on weight changes and BMI. One study examined the effect of hybrid palm oil vs extra virgin olive oil on weight changes. The last study examined the effect of palm oil vs olive oil vs lard on weight changes. Out of 292 participants in five studies, only one study (Iggman, 2014) had a low risk of bias. In this study, there was no significant difference between the group that received sunflower oil and palm oil (SMD: 0.04, 95% CI: −0.59 to 0.66). Other four studies had unclear risk of bias. Conclusions: Based on the review, there is insufficient evidence to suggest the impact of palm oil intake on weight changes or BMI.