Investigation on the design of coupled line radial stub towards 3-dB branch-line coupler (BLC) operating for fourth generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) at 3.5 GHz has been presented in this paper. The investigation involves different parameter value of the radius of radial stub and coupled line length at the series and shunt arm of 3-dB BLC designs specifically without restriction on the coupling power performance. The designed BLC was simulated using Rogers RO4003C substrate with thickness of 0.508 mm and dielectric constant of 3.38. The results for proposed radial stub BLC were being compared in terms of S-parameter and phase difference. The comparison shows that 3-dB BLC with radial shaped stub optimized to 79% reduction compared to conventional design without having to compromise the performance result especially with no restriction on the coupling power.
Cogeneration needs an efficient energy management system to ensure their components able to work with minimum cost and at the same time have the maximum efficient. Due to that, the planning on the energy operation is important part whereas the study on energy management system has been discussed widely. Hence, this article presents the Direct Supply Strategy (DiSS) with the application of Harmony Search Algorithms (HSA) to cater the energy management system optimization issue for hybrid FC-PV cogeneration. The component of hybrid FC-PV is including PEMFC, photovoltaic integrated with battery storage to meet a demand from the medical block in Hospital Temerloh. The recognized input parameters needed in the simulation is solved in MATLAB environment whereby the finding from the HSA is then benchmarked with the Genetic Algorithms in order to observe the efficiency of proposed HSA to solve the DiSS. In addition, the proposed operation mode of DiSS also presented. As a results, the total profits obtained from this strategy were estimated to be RM167 per day or RM6095.50 per year.
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