The body temperatures of mature lean and obese C57BL/6J mice were measured just after feeding, during ad libitum access to food, or every 24 h throughout a 3-day fast. Obese mice had body temperatures 1.0–1.4 °C lower than lean mice in the postprandial state and during ad libitum feeding. During food deprivation, obese mice became more hypothermic than lean sex-matched controls. A 5 °C fall in body temperature was observed in mutant females in the first 24 h of starvation, about twice that seen in any other experimental group. Over the same period the temperature changes of obese males and lean females were similar and both groups had larger hypothermic responses than lean males. The present results indicate that both genotype and gender affect thermoregulation in these mice. Under normal colony room conditions (ad libitum feeding, 23 °C) the ob/ob mutation is expressed by lower body temperatures which along with hypoactivity and hyperphagia account for the high rates of energy storage. When food availability is limited, females of both phenotypes display an increased capacity to reduce their maintenance energy requirements by lowering body temperatures. This hypothermia may be responsible for both the increased conservation of body mass seen during starvation and the slightly greater (5 %) fat stores observed in female mice.