Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it is currently causing a catastrophic pandemic affecting humans worldwide. This disease has been lethal for approximately 3.12 million people around the world since January 2020. Globally, among the most affected countries, Mexico ranks third in deaths after the United States of America and Brazil. Although the high number of deceased people might also be explained by social aspects and lifestyle customs in Mexico, there is a relationship between this high proportion of deaths and comorbidities such as high blood pressure (HBP), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The official epidemiological figures reported by the Mexican government have indicated that 18.4% of the population suffers from HBP, close to 10.3% of adults suffer from type 2 diabetes, and approximately 36.1% of the population suffers from obesity. Disbalances in the gut microbiota (GM) have been associated with these diseases and with COVID-19 severity, presumably due to inflammatory dysfunction. Recent data about the association between GM dysbiosis and metabolic diseases could suggest that the high levels of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 morbidity in the Mexican population are primarily due to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
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Many bacterial communities display oscillations throughout the day; it has been shown that in humans, the healthy gut microbiome also shows fluctuations in the abundance of bacterial community, related with feeding times and sleep cycles. Likewise, in human milk there are beneficial bacteria that undergo changes in the same time interval and are transferred to the newborn by breastfeeding, colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this work was to identify changes in the bacterial diversity of human milk throughout the day. Human milk samples were collected from a single donor three times during the day (morning, afternoon, night) for 5 consecutive days, and bacterial DNA was extracted. Bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries, and taxonomy was assigned by comparison of sequences against a database. Finally, the significant differences in relative abundance and alpha and beta diversity were determined. The analysis of human milk displayed changes in the bacterial diversity during the day, with significant changes in the Shannon diversity index. Our data show that human milk seems to be affected by the daytime change, and these changes could influence the infant gut microbiota.
Many bacterial communities display oscillations throughout the day; it has been shown that in human, the healthy gut microbiome also shows fluctuations in abundance of bacterial community, related with feeding times and sleep cycles. Likewise, in the human milk there are beneficial bacteria that undergo changes in the same time interval and are transferred to the newborn by breastfeeding colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this work was to identify changes in the bacterial diversity on the human milk along the day. Human milk samples were collected from a single donor three times during the day (morning, afternoon, night) from 5 consecutive days, and bacterial DNA was extracted. Bacterial diversity was characterized by highthroughput DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries, and taxonomy was assigned by comparison of sequences against a database, finally the significant differences in relative abundance and alpha and beta diversity was determined. The analysis of the human milk displays changes in the bacterial diversity during the day, with significant changes in the Shannon diversity index. Our data show that the human milk seems to be affected by the daytime change and these changes could influence the infant gut microbiota.
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