Cooking oil is one of the primary commodities people need to process food. Repeated use of cooking oil at high-temperature heating produces foul smell that reduces the quality and nutritional value of fried food. Decomposition consists of negative affects quality, but it also results in unfavorable flavor and reduced nutritional value of fried food. An alternative method to treat used cooking oil is adsorption with carbon made of coconut shells. This research aims to lower the levels of acid and peroxide numbers of used cooking oil by purifying it with activated carbon. The acid number determined using the acidimetric and alkalimetric titration method, while the peroxide number measured using the iodometric titration method. These two methods used to analyze samples of fresh cooking oil, used cooking oil, and used cooking oil treated with activated carbon. Results showed a decrease in acid number 34.1449% the second, 29.4103% the fourth use, and 37.5092% on the sixth use of cooking oil. Meanwhile, acidity reduced by 34.1508% the second use, 29.3883% the fourth use, and 37.5066% the sixth use of cooking oil. It found that peroxide number experienced a decrease in 81.2836% the second use, 85.3674% the fourth use, and 62.2462% the sixth use of purified cooking oil.
Scientific literacy consists of four dimensions (aspects) namely knowledge or science content, scientific context, competence (scientific process) and attitudes. This study aims to determine the ability of chemical literacy in the aspects of knowledge, context, competence and attitudes in vocational high school students. The research method used is quantitative description method. The sample used was 50 students of class X SMK N 1 Kutasari. The data collection technique in this study was in the form of a questionnaire with a Likert scale. Based on the results obtained from the research that has been done, it is 71.5%. This shows that the students' chemical literacy skills on material and its changes are still in the medium category. With each aspect obtained a percentage of: 72% Knowledge, 69% Context, 70% Competence, 75% Attitude.Keywords: Chemical Literacy; Substance and Change; Aspects
Semiotic is study of sign. The signs deliver communicative message through verbal (gestures and utterance) or non-verbal information (body language) that leads viewers comprehend the message well. Based on the type, sign divided into three, they are icon, index and symbol. This research analyzes three types of sign, icon, index, symbol on cigarette advertisement. The data of this research are cigarette advertisements which consist of 2 different cigarette brands from two biggest cigarette companies in Indonesia Djarum and Gudang Garam. Those data are then classified into sign (icon, symbol and index). This research applied descriptive qualitative method. To classify the type of sign, the researcher used Pierce theory (Coleman, 2017). Based on the analysis on cigarettes advertisement, each advertisement contains own icon, index, symbol meaning. The icons in the cigarettes advertisement consisted of pictures of human, things and cigarettes product’s logos. While the indexes found in television cigarettes advertisement were mostly the pictures of the human attitude, things, and slogan or the cigarettes brands. From the icon, index, symbol, it can be seen the male characters as their theme. The men's characters used as the theme of cigarettes advertisement are brave, tough, masculine, fond of challenges and strong.
This research aims to study the production of essential oil from Piper Cubeba using the solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method. Before extraction, the raw materials are prepared in the form of grains and powders to vary the size of the raw materials. Time variation was carried out at microwave power 180 Watt Analyses were then performed on the resulting essential oil using both physical and chemical tests of density and solubility with 96% alcohol. Analyses of chemical compounds within the essential oil were then performed using the Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the production of essential oil from Piper Cubeba using the SFME method was affected by microwave power, grain size, and treatment duration. Results from physical and chemical analyses revealed that the resulting cubeb oil has 0.86 g/mL density, which means that essential oil produced using the SFME method is lighter compared than those produced using MAHD methods. Results from GC-MS analyses showed eight components detected from the production of essential oil from Piper cubeba using the SFMEmethod; Copaene (39.28%), Cubebene (23.83%), Isoledene (11.66%), Naphthalene (6.65%), Phellandrene (5.81%), Asarone (5.71%), Cadidene (4.90%), and Caryophyllene (2.16%) which contents belong to the sesquiterpene group
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