Muscovite clay is an ideal reinforcing filler due to its high-aspect ratio. However, it does not swell in water, making it hard to be treated and intercalated. In this study, ion exchange treatment is carried out on muscovite clay using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) cations via two-step intercalation method. The intercalation steps included: inorganic-inorganic ion exchange treatment and inorganic-organic ion exchange treatment under hydrothermal conditions. The intercalation of muscovite particles was examined with various techniques to analyse the physical and chemical changes. Furthermore, the hydrothermal conditions for effective CTA + ion intercalation within muscovite interlayers prepared via the hydrothermal process at low temperature, 180 • C, under different hydrothermal reaction times and CTAB/Li-Mus mass ratio were investigated. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis revealed that the CTA + ions are diffused into the interlayers of aluminosilicate and formed a strong electrostatic bond with the clay surface. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the interplanar spacing in the organo-muscovite samples is almost identical as the hydrothermal reaction time is prolonged beyond 12 h. An optimum limit of the CTAB to Li-Mus ratio is observed as the d 002 plane spacing is increased with an increase of the mass ratio of CTAB to Li-Mus up to 1.0 C and decreased with a further increase in the mass ratio. In addition, the intercalated CTA + chains are homogenously distributed and formed a paraffin-like arrangement in the muscovite clay. Besides, the structure of aluminosilicate layers is not affected or damaged after both treatments according to FTIR analysis.
Vegetable oil-based shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) has been rapidly developed in the field of advanced polymeric materials due to its unique responsive characteristic. This research aimed to investigate the effect of prepolymer reaction time on the microphase separation, soft segment crystallinity, shape memory, and tensile properties of palm kernel oil polyol (PKO-p)-based SMPU. The SMPU samples were prepared via two-step bulk polymerization process utilizing 4,4-methylenebis (cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI), polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and 1,4-butanediol (BD). The reaction time after the addition of PKO-p varied from 0.5 to 2.5 h in prepolymer synthesis. This reaction time resulted in excellent microphase separation and improve shape memory properties. The Fourier transform infra-red analysis revealed that the degree of microphase separation of the polyurethane elastomer (PUE) increased with increasing prepolymer reaction time. In consequence, the shape fixity behavior of the PUE samples improved. The tensile strength and strain at break of PUE increased with increasing reaction time up to 2.0 h. However, when the reaction time was prolonged to 2.5 h, both values decreased. Thus, the results showed the advantages of using PKO-p, which can minimize the usage of petroleum-based polyol and improve the tensile and shape memory behavior of the PKO-p-based SMPU.
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