A quasi-experimental research design was used to investigate the effectiveness of synthetic phonics in the development of early reading skills among struggling young English as a second language (ESL) readers in a rural school. The pretest and posttest, adapted from the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS) for Preschool Students and Grades 1 to 3 tests, assessed children's early reading skills. A semi-structured interview was used to gather information. The findings indicated that the performance of students in the experimental group in decoding was significantly higher in the posttest, where t(39) = 31.441, p < .00005. Likewise, in comprehension, the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores in the posttest, where t(39) = 15.322, p < .00005. There was a significant difference in the achievement between the two groups, where t(78) = 31.010, p < .00005. This indicates that synthetic phonics could be effective in developing early reading skills for struggling readers.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Charge–discharge characteristics of electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) using κ-carrageenan–chitosan based electrolyte is the focus of the present work. Chitosan and κ-carrageenan were blended to obtain films with high mechanical strength. The room temperature conductivity of 0.5 g chitosan + 0.5 g κ-carrageenan (CCPA) film and 0.5 g chitosan + 0.5 g κ-carrageenan + 0.1765 g ammonium nitrate (CCPAAN) film are (1.38 ± 0.36) × 10-6 S cm -1 and (2.39 ± 0.83) × 10-4 S cm -1, respectively. The conducting species is H + and conduction occurs via a Grotthuss mechanism. The resistance of the phenol resin based activated carbon electrode film is between 15 to 20 Ω. The capacitance of the EDLCs is stable over 20 cycles. The average discharge capacitance of the EDLC employing CCPAAN electrolyte and activated carbon electrodes is between 13 to 18.5 F g-1.
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