A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) abruptly emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019 and rapidly spread globally to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we examined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of the potent disinfectant Cleverin, the major disinfecting component of which is chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) and the results were compared with that of sodium hypochlorite in the presence or absence of 0.5% or 1.0% fetal bovine serum (FBS). When SARS-CoV-2 viruses were treated with 0.8 ppm ClO 2 or sodium hypochlorite, viral titre was decreased only by 1 log TCID 50 /mL in 3 min. However, the viral titre was decreased by more than 4 logs TCID 50 /mL when treated with 80 ppm of each chemical for 10 sec regardless of presence or absence of FBS. It should be emphasized that treatment with 24 ppm of ClO 2 inactivated more than 99.99% SARS-CoV-2 within 10 sec or 99.99% SARS-CoV-2 in 1 min in the presence of 0.5% or 1.0% FBS, respectively. In contrast, 24 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was able to inactivate only 99% or 90% SARS-CoV-2 in 3 min under similar conditions. Notably, except ClO 2 the other components of Cleverin such as sodium chlorite, decaglycerol monolaurate and silicone showed no significant antiviral activity. Altogether, the results strongly suggest that although ClO 2 and sodium hypochlorite are strong antiviral agents in absence of organic matters but in presence of organic matters ClO 2 is a more potent antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2 than sodium hypochlorite.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) in retail chicken meats in Japan. Fifty-six domestic and 50 imported (Brazil, n=36; United States, n=8; Thailand, n=6) chicken meat samples were analyzed. The 162 ESBL-Ec included 111 from 43 (77%) domestic samples and 51 from 26 (52%) Brazilian samples. Fifty-three and 30 of 111 and 51 ESBL-Ec from domestic and Brazilian chickens, respectively, were selected for ESBL genotyping. The blaCTX-M (91%), blaTEM (36%) and blaSHV (15%) genes were detected in ESBL-Ec isolated from domestic chickens, whereas blaCTX-M (100%) and blaTEM (20%) were detected in ESBL-Ec isolated from imported chickens. Among the blaCTX-M group, blaCTX-M-2 (45%) and blaCTX-M-1 (34%) were prevalent in domestic chicken isolates, whereas blaCTX-M-2 (53%) and blaCTX-M-8 (43%) were prevalent in imported chicken isolates. Domestic chicken isolates were mostly resistant to tetracycline (83%), followed by streptomycin (70%) and nalidixic acid (62%). Imported chicken isolates were resistant to streptomycin (77%), followed by nalidixic acid (63%) and tetracycline (57%). Notably, extensive multidrug resistance was detected in 60% (32/53) and 70% (21/30) ESBL-Ec from domestic and imported chickens, respectively. Virulence genes associated with diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli were detected in ESBL-Ec isolated from domestic and imported chickens. These data suggest that ESBL-Ec in retail chicken meats could be a potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistance determinants and that some are potentially harmful to humans.
E scherichia albertii is a gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium and an emerging human enteropathogen. This bacterium belongs to the group of attaching and effacing pathogens, which can form pedestal-structured lesions on intestinal epithelium by using an eae-encoded adhesin called intimin and a type 3 secretion system. E. albertii commonly carries cytolethal distending toxin genes; in addition, certain strains carry Shiga toxin 2 (stx2a, stx2f) genes ( 1), suggesting that E. albertii has a potential to cause severe diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, similar to Shiga toxinproducing E. coli. An increase in human outbreaks and sporadic cases of E. albertii have been reported recently from several countries, including Japan (1-3). However, the reservoir and transmission routes of E. albertii to humans have not yet been identified. We surveyed wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) captured in Osaka, Japan, for the presence of E. albertii to determine if raccoons could be a reservoir of E. albertii in Japan. The StudyWe collected 430 rectal swabs from wild raccoons in Osaka during 2016-2017 (Appendix, https:// wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/26/6/19-1436-App1. pdf). To determine the presence of E. albertii, we first subjected fecal specimens to an E. albertii-specific cdt (Eacdt) gene-based PCR assay (4) after enrichment in tryptic soy broth. Of these 430 specimens, 248 (57.7%) yielded a 449-bp PCR amplicon specific for E. albertii (Table 1). By using XRM-MacConkey agar developed for the isolation of E. albertii (Appendix), we isolated
Although Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the most common bacterial causes of human gastrointestinal diseases, other Campylobacter species are also involved in human and animal infections. In this study, we developed a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene-based PCR-RFLP assay for the detection and differentiation of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis, C. lari, C. helveticus and C. upsaliensis. Previously designed common primers, which can amplify the cdtB gene of C. jejuni, C. coli and C. fetus, were used for detecting seven Campylobacter species and differentiating between them by restriction digestion. The PCR-RFLP assay was validated with 277 strains, including 35 C. jejuni, 19 C. coli, 20 C. fetus, 24 C. hyointestinalis, 13 C. lari, 2 C. helveticus, 22 C. upsaliensis, 3 other Campylobacter spp. and 17 other species associated with human diseases. Sensitivity and specificity of the PCR-RFLP assay were 100 % except for C. hyointestinalis (88 % sensitivity). Furthermore, the PCR-RFLP assay successfully detected and differentiated C. jejuni, C. coli and C. fetus in clinical and animal samples. The results indicate that the PCR-RFLP assay is useful for the detection and differentiation of seven Campylobacter species important for human and animal diseases. The genus Campylobacter currently comprises 25 species, 12 of which have been isolated from patients with gastroenteritis (Man, 2011). Among these 12 species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the most common bacterial causes of human gastrointestinal diseases (Man, 2011). Recently, a growing number of Campylobacter spp. other than C. jejuni and C. coli have also been recognized as important pathogens in humans and animals (Bullman et al., 2011; Inglis et al., 2011; Man, 2011). However, non-C. jejuni/C. coli strains are difficult to isolate by currently available methods. Most of the culture methods currently in use favour the isolation of C. jejuni and C. coli. For example, antimicrobial agents are often used to suppress the growth of non-C. jejuni/ C. coli species. Some campylobacters, such as Campylobacter upsaliensis, Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter fetus, cannot grow well in the presence of cephem antibiotics such as cefoperazone. This antibiotic is included in The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the cdtB gene sequences analysed in this study are given in Methods.
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