The Japanese government has implemented a new screening program to promote measures to avoid worsening lifestyle-related diseases and frailty among the older population. In this effort, the government formulated a new health assessment questionnaire for the screening program of old-old adults aged ≥75 years. The questionnaire comprises 15 items, of which 12 address frailty, two address general health status, and one addresses smoking habits. This study examined the construct validity of this questionnaire, using the explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data used in this study were drawn from a mail-in survey conducted in 2020 as part of the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians study. A total of 1576 respondents (range, 78–99 years of age) were included in the study. Although the EFA did not show an interpretable factor structure of the questionnaire with 15 items, the CFA using only 12 frailty-related items showed the goodness of fit for a higher-order factor “frailty”, and the five frailty-related sub-factors model was acceptable. These results suggest that the total score of the 12 frailty-related items in the questionnaire can be used as an indicator of the degree of “frailty”.
Aim
In our previous study, we proposed that the total score of the 12 frailty‐related items in the health assessment questionnaire for the national screening program for older adults could be used as an indicator of frailty. We aim to examine the criterion validity of the 12 frailty‐related items for frailty.
Methods
The data used in this study were from older Japanese individuals aged 78–81 years (n = 461) who participated in the in‐venue (2019) and mailed questionnaire (2020) surveys of the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians study. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the criterion validity of the 12 frailty‐related items for frailty defined based on the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the independent association of the 12 frailty‐related items with frailty.
Results
The area under the ROC curve of the scores of the 12 frailty‐related items for frailty was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73–0.85, P < 0.001). The cut‐off value for frailty was 3 and 4 points, and the sensitivity and specificity were 55.9% and 85.8%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that four or more scores of the 12 frailty‐related items were significantly associated with frailty (adjusted odds ratio = 7.75, 95% CI = 4.10–14.65, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that the 12 frailty‐related items in the health assessment questionnaire for older adults may be useful for assessing frailty in community‐dwelling older adults in a simplified manner. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 437–443.
Background: Older adults were expected to experience a decline in physical activities and an increase in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We investigated the changes in living conditions of 508 older adults (79.70 years ± 0.88) before (from July to December 2019) and during (in August 2020) the pandemic. We compared the mean score for the same individual instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), frequency of going out, exercise, and social interaction at two-time points. We also examined the influence of living arrangement (living alone or not) on the frequency of exercise and social interaction. Results: The frequency of going out decreased during the pandemic (in 2020); however, there was no significant change in IADL. The frequency of exercise and social interaction increased irrespective of the living arrangement. The frequency of exercise increased more in those living alone. Conclusions: Although older adults refrained from going out, they compensated for the risks of inactivity in daily life by increasing or maintaining their frequency of exercise and social interactions. The view that “older adults have a poor ability to accommodate the lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic” may be a stereotypical assumption.
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