Lung cancer is a major health concern worldwide, but new immunotherapeutic treatments for lung cancer have shown great promise and the prognosis for many severe cancers including lung cancer has been improving. In May 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved pembrolizumab, a therapeutic antibody that blocks lymphocytic programmed death-1 (PD-1), as a first-line treatment for any solid tumor with specific genetic features. Pembrolizumab is a therapeutic antibody that blocks lymphocytic PD-1, the ligand of which (PD-L1) is expressed on tumor cells and which can prevent the immune system from recognizing and destroying tumors. Here, we report two cases of double cancer (case 1: lung and bladder cancer; case 2: gastric and lung cancer) in which pembrolizumab was effective for the treatment of both cancers in each patient.

Key Clinical MessageWe report the case of a 25‐year‐old woman with a pulmonary artery sling who was misdiagnosed as having childhood‐onset refractory asthma for approximately 20 years. The use of computed tomography may be useful for diagnosing this rare condition.

A 39-year-old woman received a seasonal influenza vaccine in November 2015 and subsequently experienced malaise, low-grade fever, and chest discomfort. A chest X-ray performed 2 weeks after vaccination showed multiple nodular shadows in both lungs and ground-glass shadows in both lower lung fields. Her bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contained an unusually high number of lymphocytes, and a drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test for seasonal influenza vaccine was positive. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed the presence of granulomatous inflammation. Thereafter her abnormal chest shadow spontaneously improved. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with drug-induced pneumonitis due to an influenza vaccine.

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BackgroundA large body of evidence suggests that long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA)/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) combinations induce a strong synergistic bronchodilatory effect in human isolated airways. Moreover, a recent post hoc analysis demonstrated clinical synergism between LABAs and LAMAs, which induces a synergistic improvement not only in lung function but also in dyspnea in COPD patients.AimThe aim of this study is to examine the baseline factors related to improvement in lung function or clinical symptoms that results from the administration of LAMA or LAMA/LABA and to compare the differences in improvement in lung function or clinical symptoms between LAMA and LAMA/LABA.MethodsAmong 829 patients with COPD who were treated with LAMA or LAMA/LABA in our hospital, 112 patients (aged 40–89 years) matched the criteria. Of these 112 patients, 71 received LAMA (LAMA group) and 41 received LAMA/LABA (LAMA/LABA group) as the initial treatment. Various examination results such as lung function test values, symptom change, and frequency of exacerbations were compared between the two groups.ResultsCompared with the monotherapy, the combination therapy significantly improved the FEV1, inspiratory capacity (IC), and total COPD assessment test (CAT) scores. Comparing the improvement in each domain of the CAT produced by the combination therapy with that of the monotherapy, larger improvements were found for the domains of going out and sleeping. The frequency of exacerbations during the 24 weeks was significantly lower in the combination therapy group than in the LAMA monotherapy group (P=0.034). Although no relationship was found between improvement in FEV1 and any pretreatment factors in the LAMA/LABA group, the improvement in the CAT score was strongly related to the baseline CAT score, smoking index, and air trapping index (P-value <1×10−4).ConclusionIn this study of clinical practice, we found that LAMA/LABA combination therapy improved the clinical symptoms of COPD and IC and that the effects of the combination therapy were consistent with those observed in previous clinical trials.

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A weighted genetic risk score (GRS) based on 16 SNPs implicated in reduced lung function in both Japanese and non-Japanese populations was previously associated with the onset of COPD and asthma. We here examine the genetic impact of this lung function GRS on specific COPD phenotypes. A cohort of Japanese COPD patients (N=270) underwent lung function testing followed by genotyping with allele-specific arrays for 16 SNPs as well as expression quantitative trait loci at TSLP (rs2289276, rs3806933). Lung function GRS scoring and two-step cluster analyses grouped patients into different COPD phenotypes based on gender, age, smoking index, %FEV1 and lung function GRS. The genetic effect of TSLP on COPD phenotypes was also examined for interactions with the lung function GRS. A total of 270 participants were grouped into 5 clusters. The cluster with the highest levels of lung function GRS was characterized by moderate to severe airflow obstruction and the highest blood eosinophil counts.Regarding TSLP, an increased number of T alleles at both SNPs was found in the cluster characterized by moderate to severe airflow obstruction and heavy smoking (rs2289276, P value = 0.035; rs3806933, P value = 0.047) independent of the lung function GRS. A genetic susceptibility to impaired lung function carries an increased risk of developing COPD characterized by increased eosinophil counts and severe airflow obstruction while individuals with increased TSLP responses to external stimuli have an independent risk of developing severe airflow obstruction in the presence of heavy smoking.

Purpose To characterize the clinical phenotypes of severe eosinophilic asthma based on early responsiveness to benralizumab in terms of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) improvement. Patients and methods Sixty-four participants diagnosed with severe eosinophilic asthma and who had completed 4 months of benralizumab treatment were included in this analysis. Pre-treatment clinical factors were compared between responders and non-responders according to improvements in ACT or FEV1. Correlations between the sums of increased Type 2-related inflammatory parameters and changes of ACT or FEV1 were also evaluated before and after the 4-month treatment. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct phenotypes related to benralizumab responsiveness in terms of FEV1. Results At the 4-month timepoint, all parameters, except for FeNO, were significantly improved after benralizumab treatment. FEV1 responders were associated with higher levels of Type 2-related inflammatory parameters. An improvement in FEV1 but not in ACT was clearly associated with increases in the sums of increased type 2-related inflammation parameters (p = 0.0001). The cluster analysis identified 5 distinct phenotypes of severe eosinophilic asthma according to the variable FEV1 responsiveness to benralizumab. The greatest response was found in the distinct phenotype of severe eosinophilic asthma, which was characterized by modest increase in total IgE and FeNO relative to blood eosinophils with least exposure to smoking. Conclusion This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first cluster analysis to report distinct phenotypes related to clinical benralizumab response in a real-world population with severe eosinophilic asthma. These results may help to predict responsiveness to benralizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.