Fluoride (F) complexes are used in some fields of industry and medicine. F excretion mainly depends on kidney function. Urinary F concentration is measured to monitor the health of workers exposed to F. The toxicokinetics of F were studied by analyzing plasma concentration of F after intravenous injection of 2.86, 5.71 and 8.57 mg/kg into male Wistar rats. A dose-response relationship was recognized between these F doses and renal tissue injury. Blood samples were removed at 0, 10, 20, and 30 min, and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after injection. Plasma concentration-vs-time profiles were evaluated by a nonlinear least-squares method for fitting data to polyexponential equations and calculation of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. Results indicated that a two-compartment model could describe the elimination of F from plasma. The beta rate constant, total plasma clearance (C1) and first-order rate constants (K21, Kel) decreased, and the half-time of the beta-phase (t1/2beta) was significantly prolonged with increasing dose. The kidney is the main target organ for F toxicity. Acute exposure to high doses of F damages renal tissue and causes renal dysfunction. The C1 of F is mainly dependent on renal F excretion. Since severe kidney damage markedly affected the toxicokinetics of F and decreased its elimination, other nephrotoxic indicators and measurement of plasma F concentration are necessary for monitoring high-dose F exposure.
JEADV percentage was 9.6% on days 11-20 and increased to about 21% on days 41-49 (Fig. 1). We think that the skin-disorder patients refrained from consulting a doctor right after the disaster because they felt that patients with life-threatening diseases should have priority. Skin disease, however, significantly reduces the evacuees' quality of life and more patients have started consulting doctors for skin problems.Dermatologists have an important role after a huge natural disaster like a tsunami, as there are a substantial number of skindisorder patients whose need for treatment has increased in the months after the disaster.
Recently, significant progress has been made in medical techniques for regenerating bone. However, bone evaluation techniques generally assess bone quantity as opposed to bone quality. The use of c‐axis crystallite orientation of biological apatite (BAp) as a bone quality index has recently generated great interest. BAp demonstrates strong crystallographic anisotropy, and preferential alignment of BAp in each bone varies depending on the shape and stress conditions in vivo. In the mandible, complicated bone shape and stress conditions in vivo might be associated with both bone quantity and quality. In this study, we aimed to elucidate changes in the bone microstructure in the mandible using crystallographic orientation of BAp as a bone quality index. Using Crj : CD (SD) IGS female rats, we observed changes in the dentulous mandible during bone growth. Measuring points on the mandible were determined based on its positional relationship with the teeth. For analysis of bone quantity, the area and bone mineral density of cortical bone were evaluated using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), while the orientation of the BAp c‐axis, as analyzed by a micro‐beam X‐ray diffraction system, was used to assess bone quality. The results of both bone quantity and quality assessments indicated that changes during bone growth varied depending on the presence of teeth. We concluded that the microstructure (especially the texture) of BAp crystallite changes in correlation with variations in stress distribution in vivo resulting from changes in chewing conditions designed to optimize the dynamic chewing function.
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